《云冈》郑振铎散文精选发表于2020-07-15 10:55:01归属于励志散文本文已影响人手机版 云冈 郑振铎 云冈石窟的庄严伟大,是我们所不能想像得出的。必须到了那个地方,流连徘徊了几天,几月,才能够给你以一个大徊的美丽的轮廓,你不能草草的浮光掠影的跑着走着的看。你得仔细的去欣赏。猪八戒吃人参果似的一口吞下去永远的不会得到云冈的真相。云冈决不会在你一次两次的过访之时,便会把整个的面目对你显示出来的。每一个石窟,每一尊石像,每一个头部,每一个姿态,甚至每条衣襞,每一部的火轮或图饰,都值得你仔细的流连观赏,仔细的远观近察,仔细的分析研究。七十尺,六十尺的大佛,固然给你弘伟的感觉,即小至一尺二尺,二寸三寸的人物,也并不给你以邈小不足观的缺憾。全部分的结构,固然可称是最大的一个雕刻的博物院,即就一洞,一方,一隅的气分而研究之,也足以得着温腻柔和,慈祥秀丽之感。他们各有一个完整的布局。合之固极繁颐富丽。分之亦能自成一个局面。 假若你能够了解,赞美希腊的雕刻,欣赏雅典处女庙的“浮雕”,假若你会在VenusdeMelo像下,流连徘徊,不忍即去,看两次,三次,数十次而还不知满足者,我知道你一定能够在云冈徘徊个十天八天一月二月的。 见到了云冈,你就觉得对于下华严寺的那些美丽的塑像的赞叹,是少见多怪。到过云冈,再去看那些塑像,便会有些不足之感——虽然并不会以他们为变得丑陋。 说来不信,云冈是距今一千五百年前的遗物呢;有一部分还完好如新,虽然有一部分已被风和水所侵蚀而失去原形,还有一部分是被斫下去盗卖了。 那末被自然力或奸人们所破坏的完整部分,还够得你赞叹欣赏的,且仍还使你有应接不暇之概。入了一个佛洞,你便有如走入宝山,如走到山阴,珍异之多,山川之秀,竟使你不知先拾那件好,先看那一方面好。 曾走入一个大些的佛洞,刚在那里仔细的盾大佛的坐姿和面相,忽然有一个声音叫道: “你看,那高壁上的侍佛是如何的美!” 刚刚回过头去,又有一个声音中叫道: “那门柱上的金刚,(?)有五个头的如何的显得力和威!还有那无名的鸟,身体是这样的显得有劲!” “快看,这边的小佛是那末恬美,座前的一匹马列,没有头的,一双前腿跪在地上,那姿态是不曾在任何画上和雕刻上见到呢。” “啊,啊,一个奇迹,那高高的壁上的一个女像,手执了水瓶的,还不活像是阿述利亚风的浮雕么?那扁圆的脸部简直是阿述帝国的浮雕的重现。” 这样的此赞彼叹,我怎样能应付得来呢!赵君执着摄影机更是忙碌不堪。 但贪婪的眼和贪婪的心是一步不知倦的;看了一处世哲学,还要再看一处,看了一次,还要再看一次。 云冈石窟的开始雕刻,在公元四五三年(魏兴安二年)。那时,对于佛教的大迫害方才除去,主张灭佛法的崔浩已被族诛。僧侣们又纷纷的在北朝主者的保护下活动着。这一年有高僧昙曜,来到这武州山的地方,开始掘洞雕像。曜所开的窟洞,只有五所,后来成了风气,便陆续的扩大地域,增多窟洞。佛像也愈雕愈多,愈雕愈细致。 《魏书·释老志》云:“太安初,有师子国胡沙门邪奢遗多浮□难提等五人,奉佛像三,到应变师,皆云备历西域诸国。见佛影迹及肉髻,外国诸王相承,咸遣工匠摹写其容。莫能及难提所造者。去十余步,视之炳然,转近转微。又沙勒湖沙门赴京师致佛钵及画像迹。初昙曜以复佛法之明年,(兴安二年,公元四五三年)自中山被命赴京。帝后奉以师礼。昙曜白帝,于京城西武州塞凿山石壁,开窟五所,镌建佛像各一,高者七十尺,次六十尺,雕饰奇伟,冠于一世。” 又云:“皇兴中,又□三级石佛图,榱栋楣楹,上下重结,大小皆石。高十丈,镇固巧密,为京华壮观。” 又《续高僧传》云:“元魏北台恒弱石窟通乐寺沙门解昙曜传:释昙曜,未详何许人也。少出家,摄行坚贞,风鉴闲约。以元魏和平年,任北台昭元统,绥辑僧众,妙得其心。住恒安石窟通乐寺,即魏帝之所造也。去恒安西北三十里,武州山谷,北面石崖,就而镌之,建立佛寺,名曰灵岩。龛之大者,举高二十余丈,可受三千余人。面别镌像,穷诸巧丽,龛别异状,骇动人神。栉比相连,三十余里。东头僧寺恒供千人。碑碣见存,未卒陈委。先是太武皇帝太平贞君七年,司徒崔浩,令帝崇重道士寇谦之,拜为天师,珍敬老氏,虔刘释种,焚毁寺塔。至庚寅年,太武感致疬疾,方始开悟。帝既心悔。诛夷崔氏。至庚寅年,太武云崩,子文成立,即起塔寺,搜访经典。毁法七载,三宝还兴。曜慨前陵废,欣今重复。(以和平三年壬寅)故于北台石窟,集诸德僧,对天竺沙门译付法藏传,并净土经,流通后贤,意存无绝。”(卷一) 然这二书之所述,已可见开窟雕像的经过情形,不必更引他书。惟《续高僧传》所云:“栉比相连三十余里”,未免邻于夸大。武州山根本便没有绵延到三十余里之长。至多不过五六里长。还是《魏书·显祖记》:“皇兴元年八月丁酉,行幸武州山石窟寺”(公元四六七)以后又有七八次。 又《魏书·高祖记》:“太和四年八月戊申,幸武州山石窟寺。以后又有三次。 但也不仅皇家在那里开窟雕像,民阅览室中国人民们和外国使者们也凑热闹的在那里你开一窟,我雕一像的相竞争。就连日所得的碑刻来看,西头的好向个洞,都是民间集资雕成的。这消息,足征各洞窟的雕刻所以作风不甚相同之故。因此,不久之后,武州山便成了极热闹的大佛场。 《水经注》“□水”条下注云: “其水又东北流注武州川水,琥州川水又东南流。水侧有石祗洹舍,并诸窟室,比邱尼所居也。其水又东转迳灵岩,凿石开山,因岩结构,真容巨壮,世法所希。山堂水殿,烟寺相望,林渊锦镜,缀自新眺。川水又东南流出山。《魏土地记》曰:平城西三十里,武州塞口诸也。” 按《水经注》撰于后魏太和,去寺之建,不过四五十年,而已繁盛至此。所谓:“山堂水殿,烟寺相望,林渊锦镜,缀自新眺”,决不是瞎赞。 《大清一统志》引《山西通志》:“石窟十寺,在大同府治西三十里,元魏建,始神瑞,终正光,历百年而工始完。其寺,一同千,二灵光,三镇国,四护国,五崇福,六童子,七能仁,八华严,九天宫,十兜率。内有元载云云,到底指的是元代呢,还指的是唐时宰相元载?或为元魏二字之误叱?云冈石刻的作风,完全是元魏的,并没有后代的作品参杂在内。则所谓元载一定是元魏之误。十寺云云,也不会是虚无之谈。正可和《不经注》的“山堂水殿烟寺相望”的话相证。今日所见,石窟之下,是一片的平原,琥州山的山上也是一片的平原,很像是人工所开壁的;则“十寺”的存在,无可怀疑。今所存者,仅一石窟寺,乃是清初所修的,石窟寺的最高处,和山顶相通的,另有一个古寺的遗构。惜通道已被堵塞,不能进去。又云冈别墅之东,破坏最甚的那所大窟,其窟壁上有石孔累累,都是明显的架梁支柱的遗迹。此窟结构最为弘伟。难道便是《魏书·释老志》所称“皇兴中又构三级石佛图”的故址所在么?这是很有可能的。今尚见有极精美的两个石柱耸立在洞前。 | 《yun gang 》zheng zhen duo san wen jing shua fa biao yu 2020-07-15 10:55:01gui shu yu li zhi san wen ben wen yi ying xiang ren shou ji ban yun gang zheng zhen duo yun gang dan ku de zhuang yan wei da ,shi wo men suo bu neng xiang xiang de chu de 。bi xu dao le na ge de fang ,liu lian pai huai le ji tian ,ji yue ,cai neng gou gei ni yi yi ge da huai de mei li de lun kuo ,ni bu neng cao cao de fu guang lve ying de pao zhao zou zhao de kan 。ni de zai xi de qu xin shang 。zhu ba jie chi ren can guo shi de yi kou tun xia qu yong yuan de bu hui de dao yun gang de zhen xiang 。yun gang jue bu hui zai ni yi ci liang ci de guo fang zhi shi ,bian hui ba zheng ge de mian mu dui ni xian shi chu lai de 。mei yi ge dan ku ,mei yi zun dan xiang ,mei yi ge tou bu ,mei yi ge zi tai ,shen zhi mei tiao yi bi ,mei yi bu de huo lun huo tu shi ,dou zhi de ni zai xi de liu lian guan shang ,zai xi de yuan guan jin cha ,zai xi de fen xi yan jiu 。qi shi che ,liu shi che de da fo ,gu ran gei ni hong wei de gan jiao ,ji xiao zhi yi che er che ,er cun san cun de ren wu ,ye bing bu gei ni yi miao xiao bu zu guan de que han 。quan bu fen de jie gou ,gu ran ke chen shi zui da de yi ge diao ke de bo wu yuan ,ji jiu yi dong ,yi fang ,yi yu de qi fen er yan jiu zhi ,ye zu yi de zhao wen ni rou he ,ci xiang xiu li zhi gan 。ta men ge you yi ge wan zheng de bu ju 。ge zhi gu ji fan yi fu li 。fen zhi yi neng zi cheng yi ge ju mian 。 jia re ni neng gou le jie ,zan mei xi la de diao ke ,xin shang ya dian chu nv miao de “fu diao ”,jia re ni hui zai VenusdeMeloxiang xia ,liu lian pai huai ,bu ren ji qu ,kan liang ci ,san ci ,shu shi ci er hai bu zhi man zu zhe ,wo zhi dao ni yi ding neng gou zai yun gang pai huai ge shi tian ba tian yi yue er yue de 。 jian dao le yun gang ,ni jiu jiao de dui yu xia hua yan si de na xie mei li de su xiang de zan tan ,shi shao jian duo guai 。dao guo yun gang ,zai qu kan na xie su xiang ,bian hui you xie bu zu zhi gan ——sui ran bing bu hui yi ta men wei bian de chou lou 。 shui lai bu xin ,yun gang shi ju jin yi qian wu bai nian qian de wei wu ne ;you yi bu fen hai wan hao ru xin ,sui ran you yi bu fen yi bei feng he shui suo qin shi er shi qu yuan xing ,hai you yi bu fen shi bei zhuo xia qu dao mai le 。 na mo bei zi ran li huo jian ren men suo po huai de wan zheng bu fen ,hai gou de ni zan tan xin shang de ,ju reng hai shi ni you ying jie bu xia zhi gai 。ru le yi ge fo dong ,ni bian you ru zou ru bao shan ,ru zou dao shan yin ,zhen yi zhi duo ,shan chuan zhi xiu ,jing shi ni bu zhi xian she na jian hao ,xian kan na yi fang mian hao 。 ceng zou ru yi ge da xie de fo dong ,gang zai na li zai xi de dun da fo de zuo zi he mian xiang ,hu ran you yi ge sheng yin jiao dao : “ni kan ,na gao bi shang de shi fo shi ru he de mei !” gang gang hui guo tou qu ,you you yi ge sheng yin zhong jiao dao : “na men zhu shang de jin gang ,(?)you wu ge tou de ru he de xian de li he wei !hai you na mo ming de diao ,shen ti shi zhe yang de xian de you jin !” “kuai kan ,zhe bian de xiao fo shi na mo tian mei ,zuo qian de yi pi ma lie ,mei you tou de ,yi shuang qian tui gui zai de shang ,na zi tai shi bu ceng zai ren he hua shang he diao ke shang jian dao ne 。” “a ,a ,yi ge ji ji ,na gao gao de bi shang de yi ge nv xiang ,shou zhi le shui ping de ,hai bu huo xiang shi a shu li ya feng de fu diao me ?na bian yuan de lian bu jian zhi shi a shu di guo de fu diao de chong xian 。” zhe yang de ci zan bi tan ,wo zen yang neng ying fu de lai ne !zhao jun zhi zhao she ying ji geng shi mang liu bu kan 。 dan tan lan de yan he tan lan de xin shi yi bu bu zhi juan de ;kan le yi chu shi zhe xue ,hai yao zai kan yi chu ,kan le yi ci ,hai yao zai kan yi ci 。 yun gang dan ku de kai shi diao ke ,zai gong yuan si wu san nian (wei xing an er nian )。na shi ,dui yu fo jiao de da pai hai fang cai chu qu ,zhu zhang mie fo fa de cui hao yi bei zu zhu 。seng lv men you fen fen de zai bei chao zhu zhe de bao hu xia huo dong zhao 。zhe yi nian you gao seng tan yao ,lai dao zhe wu zhou shan de de fang ,kai shi jue dong diao xiang 。yao suo kai de ku dong ,zhi you wu suo ,hou lai cheng le feng qi ,bian liu xu de kuo da de yu ,zeng duo ku dong 。fo xiang ye yu diao yu duo ,yu diao yu xi zhi 。 《wei shu ·shi lao zhi 》yun :“tai an chu ,you shi zi guo hu sha men xie she wei duo fu □nan di deng wu ren ,feng fo xiang san ,dao ying bian shi ,jie yun bei li xi yu zhu guo 。jian fo ying ji ji rou ji ,wai guo zhu wang xiang cheng ,xian qian gong jiang mo xie ji rong 。mo neng ji nan di suo zao zhe 。qu shi yu bu ,shi zhi bing ran ,zhuai jin zhuai wei 。you sha le hu sha men fu jing shi zhi fo bo ji hua xiang ji 。chu tan yao yi fu fo fa zhi ming nian ,(xing an er nian ,gong yuan si wu san nian )zi zhong shan bei ming fu jing 。di hou feng yi shi li 。tan yao bai di ,yu jing cheng xi wu zhou sai zao shan dan bi ,kai ku wu suo ,juan jian fo xiang ge yi ,gao zhe qi shi che ,ci liu shi che ,diao shi ji wei ,guan yu yi shi 。” you yun :“huang xing zhong ,you □san ji dan fo tu ,cui dong mei ying ,shang xia chong jie ,da xiao jie dan 。gao shi zhang ,zhen gu qiao mi ,wei jing hua zhuang guan 。” you 《xu gao seng chuan 》yun :“yuan wei bei tai heng ruo dan ku tong le si sha men jie tan yao chuan :shi tan yao ,wei xiang he hu ren ye 。shao chu jia ,she hang jian zhen ,feng jian xian yao 。yi yuan wei he ping nian ,ren bei tai zhao yuan tong ,sui ji seng zhong ,miao de ji xin 。zhu heng an dan ku tong le si ,ji wei di zhi suo zao ye 。qu heng an xi bei san shi li ,wu zhou shan gu ,bei mian dan ya ,jiu er juan zhi ,jian li fo si ,ming yue ling yan 。kan zhi da zhe ,ju gao er shi yu zhang ,ke shou san qian yu ren 。mian bie juan xiang ,qiong zhu qiao li ,kan bie yi zhuang ,hai dong ren shen 。zhi bi xiang lian ,san shi yu li 。dong tou seng si heng gong qian ren 。bei jie jian cun ,wei cu chen wei 。xian shi tai wu huang di tai ping zhen jun qi nian ,si tu cui hao ,ling di chong chong dao shi kou qian zhi ,bai wei tian shi ,zhen jing lao shi ,qian liu shi chong ,fen hui si da 。zhi geng yin nian ,tai wu gan zhi li ji ,fang shi kai wu 。di ji xin hui 。zhu yi cui shi 。zhi geng yin nian ,tai wu yun beng ,zi wen cheng li ,ji qi da si ,sou fang jing dian 。hui fa qi zai ,san bao hai xing 。yao kai qian ling fei ,xin jin chong fu 。(yi he ping san nian ren yin )gu yu bei tai dan ku ,ji zhu de seng ,dui tian zhu sha men yi fu fa cang chuan ,bing jing tu jing ,liu tong hou xian ,yi cun mo jue 。”(juan yi ) ran zhe er shu zhi suo shu ,yi ke jian kai ku diao xiang de jing guo qing xing ,bu bi geng yin ta shu 。wei 《xu gao seng chuan 》suo yun :“zhi bi xiang lian san shi yu li ”,wei mian lin yu kua da 。wu zhou shan gen ben bian mei you mian yan dao san shi yu li zhi chang 。zhi duo bu guo wu liu li chang 。hai shi 《wei shu ·xian zu ji 》:“huang xing yuan nian ba yue ding you ,hang xing wu zhou shan dan ku si ”(gong yuan si liu qi )yi hou you you qi ba ci 。 you 《wei shu ·gao zu ji 》:“tai he si nian ba yue wu shen ,xing wu zhou shan dan ku si 。yi hou you you san ci 。 dan ye bu jin huang jia zai na li kai ku diao xiang ,min yue lan shi zhong guo ren min men he wai guo shi zhe men ye cou re nao de zai na li ni kai yi ku ,wo diao yi xiang de xiang jing zheng 。jiu lian ri suo de de bei ke lai kan ,xi tou de hao xiang ge dong ,dou shi min jian ji zi diao cheng de 。zhe xiao xi ,zu zheng ge dong ku de diao ke suo yi zuo feng bu shen xiang tong zhi gu 。yin ci ,bu jiu zhi hou ,wu zhou shan bian cheng le ji re nao de da fo chang 。 《shui jing zhu 》“□shui ”tiao xia zhu yun : “ji shui you dong bei liu zhu wu zhou chuan shui ,hu zhou chuan shui you dong na liu 。shui ce you dan zhi huan she ,bing zhu ku shi ,bi qiu ni suo ju ye 。ji shui you dong zhuai jing ling yan ,zao dan kai shan ,yin yan jie gou ,zhen rong ju zhuang ,shi fa suo xi 。shan tang shui dian ,yan si xiang wang ,lin yuan jin jing ,chuo zi xin tiao 。chuan shui you dong na liu chu shan 。《wei tu de ji 》yue :ping cheng xi san shi li ,wu zhou sai kou zhu ye 。” an 《shui jing zhu 》zhuan yu hou wei tai he ,qu si zhi jian ,bu guo si wu shi nian ,er yi fan cheng zhi ci 。suo wei :“shan tang shui dian ,yan si xiang wang ,lin yuan jin jing ,chuo zi xin tiao ”,jue bu shi xia zan 。 《da qing yi tong zhi 》yin 《shan xi tong zhi 》:“dan ku shi si ,zai da tong fu zhi xi san shi li ,yuan wei jian ,shi shen rui ,zhong zheng guang ,li bai nian er gong shi wan 。ji si ,yi tong qian ,er ling guang ,san zhen guo ,si hu guo ,wu chong fu ,liu tong zi ,qi neng ren ,ba hua yan ,jiu tian gong ,shi dou lv 。nei you yuan zai yun yun ,dao de zhi de shi yuan dai ne ,hai zhi de shi tang shi zai xiang yuan zai ?huo wei yuan wei er zi zhi wu chi ?yun gang dan ke de zuo feng ,wan quan shi yuan wei de ,bing mei you hou dai de zuo pin can za zai nei 。ze suo wei yuan zai yi ding shi yuan wei zhi wu 。shi si yun yun ,ye bu hui shi xu mo zhi tan 。zheng ke he 《bu jing zhu 》de “shan tang shui dian yan si xiang wang ”de hua xiang zheng 。jin ri suo jian ,dan ku zhi xia ,shi yi pian de ping yuan ,hu zhou shan de shan shang ye shi yi pian de ping yuan ,hen xiang shi ren gong suo kai bi de ;ze “shi si ”de cun zai ,mo ke huai yi 。jin suo cun zhe ,jin yi dan ku si ,nai shi qing chu suo xiu de ,dan ku si de zui gao chu ,he shan ding xiang tong de ,ling you yi ge gu si de wei gou 。xi tong dao yi bei du sai ,bu neng jin qu 。you yun gang bie shu zhi dong ,po huai zui shen de na suo da ku ,ji ku bi shang you dan kong lei lei ,dou shi ming xian de jia liang zhi zhu de wei ji 。ci ku jie gou zui wei hong wei 。nan dao bian shi 《wei shu ·shi lao zhi 》suo chen “huang xing zhong you gou san ji dan fo tu ”de gu zhi suo zai me ?zhe shi hen you ke neng de 。jin shang jian you ji jing mei de liang ge dan zhu song li zai dong qian 。 |
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