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2020
12-07

中国文学常识大全1

中国文学常识大全1
蔡文姬cai wen ji
名琰,既字文姬,又字明姬,她的父亲便是大名鼎鼎的大儒蔡邕。  蔡邕就是蔡伯喈,有一出《琵琶记》的唱词,说的是蔡怕偕中状元后,不认发妻赵五娘,别娶丞相之女,可说是厚诬古人。东汉时根本没有状元,也没有别娶丞相之女这回事。对此南宋陆游曾感叹系之他说:“身后是非谁管得,隔村听唱蔡中郎。”ming yan ,ji zi wen ji ,you zi ming ji ,ta de fu qin bian shi da ming ding ding de da ru cai yong 。  cai yong jiu shi cai bai jie ,you yi chu 《pi pa ji 》de chang ci ,shui de shi cai pa xie zhong zhuang yuan hou ,bu ren fa qi zhao wu niang ,bie qu cheng xiang zhi nv ,ke shui shi hou wu gu ren 。dong han shi gen ben mei you zhuang yuan ,ye mei you bie qu cheng xiang zhi nv zhe hui shi 。dui ci na song liu you ceng gan tan ji zhi ta shui :“shen hou shi fei shei guan de ,ge cun ting chang cai zhong lang 。”
蔡邕不可能中状元,但他的才学在当时得到举世公认却是事实。汉灵帝时、他校书东观,以经籍多有谬误,于是为之订正并书写镌刻在石碑上,立在大学门外,当时的后生学子都就此石经校正经书,每日观览摩写的不绝于途。这些石碑在动乱中,在洛阳大火中受到损坏,经过一千八百多年,洛阳郊区的农民在犁田时掘得几块上有字迹的石块,经人鉴定就是当年蔡邕的手书,称为“熹平石经”,现在珍藏在历史博物馆中。cai yong bu ke neng zhong zhuang yuan ,dan ta de cai xue zai dang shi de dao ju shi gong ren que shi shi shi 。han ling di shi 、ta jiao shu dong guan ,yi jing ji duo you miu wu ,yu shi wei zhi ding zheng bing shu xie juan ke zai dan bei shang ,li zai da xue men wai ,dang shi de hou sheng xue zi dou jiu ci dan jing jiao zheng jing shu ,mei ri guan lan ma xie de bu jue yu tu 。zhe xie dan bei zai dong luan zhong ,zai luo yang da huo zhong shou dao sun huai ,jing guo yi qian ba bai duo nian ,luo yang jiao ou de nong min zai li tian shi jue de ji kuai shang you zi ji de dan kuai ,jing ren jian ding jiu shi dang nian cai yong de shou shu ,chen wei “xi ping dan jing ”,xian zai zhen cang zai li shi bo wu guan zhong 。
蔡邕是大文学家,也是大书法家,梁武帝称他:“蔡邕书,骨气洞达,爽爽如有神力。”当代史学家范文澜讲:“两汉写字艺术,到蔡邕写石经达到最高境界。”他的字整饬而不刻板,静穆而有生气。除《嘉平石经》外,据传《曹娥碑》也是他写的,章法自然,笔力劲健,结字跌宕有致,无求妍美之意,而具古朴天真之趣。cai yong shi da wen xue jia ,ye shi da shu fa jia ,liang wu di chen ta :“cai yong shu ,gu qi dong da ,shuang shuang ru you shen li 。”dang dai shi xue jia fan wen lan jiang :“liang han xie zi yi shu ,dao cai yong xie dan jing da dao zui gao jing jie 。”ta de zi zheng chi er bu ke ban ,jing mu er you sheng qi 。chu 《jia ping dan jing 》wai ,ju chuan 《cao e bei 》ye shi ta xie de ,zhang fa zi ran ,bi li jin jian ,jie zi die dang you zhi ,mo qiu yan mei zhi yi ,er ju gu piao tian zhen zhi qu 。
此外,蔡邕还精于天文数理,妙解音律,在洛阳严然是文坛的领袖,像杨赐、玉灿、马月碑以及后来文武兼资,终成一代雄霸之主的曹操都经常出入蔡府,向蔡邕请教。ci wai ,cai yong hai jing yu tian wen shu li ,miao jie yin lv ,zai luo yang yan ran shi wen tan de ling xiu ,xiang yang ci 、yu can 、ma yue bei yi ji hou lai wen wu jian zi ,zhong cheng yi dai xiong ba zhi zhu de cao cao dou jing chang chu ru cai fu ,xiang cai yong qing jiao 。
蔡文姬生在这样的家庭,自小耳濡目染,既博学能文,又善诗赋,兼长辩才与音律就是十分自然的了,可以说蔡文姬有一个幸福的童年,可惜时局的变化,打断了这种幸福。cai wen ji sheng zai zhe yang de jia ting ,zi xiao er ru mu ran ,ji bo xue neng wen ,you shan shi fu ,jian chang bian cai yu yin lv jiu shi shi fen zi ran de le ,ke yi shui cai wen ji you yi ge xing fu de tong nian ,ke xi shi ju de bian hua ,da duan le zhe chong xing fu 。
东汉政府的腐败,终于酿成了黄中军大起义,使豪强地主为代表的地方势力扩大。大将军何进被宦官十常侍杀后,董卓进军洛阳尽诛十常侍,把持朝政,董卓为巩固自己的统治,刻意笼络名满京华的蔡邕,将他一日连升三级,三日周历三台,拜中郎将,后来甚至还封他为高阳侯。董卓在朝中的逆行,引起各地方势力的联合反对,董卓火烧洛阳,迁都长安,董卓被吕布所杀。蔡邕也被收付廷尉治罪,蔡邕请求黥首刖足,以完成《汉史》,士大夫也多矜惜而救他,马日碑更说:“伯喈旷世逸才,诛之乃失人望乎?”但终免不了一死,徒然的给人留下许多议论的话题,说他“文同三闾,孝齐参骞。”在文学方面把他比作屈原,在孝德方面把他比作曾参和阂子骛,当然讲坏话的也不少。dong han zheng fu de fu bai ,zhong yu niang cheng le huang zhong jun da qi yi ,shi hao jiang de zhu wei dai biao de de fang shi li kuo da 。da jiang jun he jin bei huan guan shi chang shi sha hou ,dong zhuo jin jun luo yang jin zhu shi chang shi ,ba chi chao zheng ,dong zhuo wei gong gu zi ji de tong zhi ,ke yi long lao ming man jing hua de cai yong ,jiang ta yi ri lian sheng san ji ,san ri zhou li san tai ,bai zhong lang jiang ,hou lai shen zhi hai feng ta wei gao yang hou 。dong zhuo zai chao zhong de ni hang ,yin qi ge de fang shi li de lian ge fan dui ,dong zhuo huo shao luo yang ,qian dou chang an ,dong zhuo bei lv bu suo sha 。cai yong ye bei shou fu ting wei zhi zui ,cai yong qing qiu qing shou yue zu ,yi wan cheng 《han shi 》,shi da fu ye duo jin xi er jiu ta ,ma ri bei geng shui :“bai jie kuang shi yi cai ,zhu zhi nai shi ren wang hu ?”dan zhong mian bu le yi si ,tu ran de gei ren liu xia hu duo yi lun de hua ti ,shui ta “wen tong san lv ,xiao ji can jian 。”zai wen xue fang mian ba ta bi zuo qu yuan ,zai xiao de fang mian ba ta bi zuo ceng can he he zi wu ,dang ran jiang huai hua de ye bu shao 。
董卓死后,他的部将又攻占长安,军阀混战的局面终于形成。羌胡番兵乘机掠掳中原一带,在“中土人脆弱、来兵皆胡羌,纵猎围城邑,所向悉破亡。马边悬男头,马后载妇女,长驱入朔漠,回路险且阻。”的状况下,蔡文姬与许多被掳来的妇女,一齐被带到南匈奴。dong zhuo si hou ,ta de bu jiang you gong zhan chang an ,jun fa hun zhan de ju mian zhong yu xing cheng 。qiang hu fan bing cheng ji lve lu zhong yuan yi dai ,zai “zhong tu ren cui ruo 、lai bing jie hu qiang ,zong lie wei cheng yi ,suo xiang xi po wang 。ma bian xuan nan tou ,ma hou zai fu nv ,chang qu ru shuo mo ,hui lu xian ju zu 。”de zhuang kuang xia ,cai wen ji yu hu duo bei lu lai de fu nv ,yi ji bei dai dao na xiong nu 。
这心境是可以想象得到的,当初细君与解忧嫁给乌孙国王,王昭君嫁给呼韩邪,总算是风风光光的占尽了身份,但由于是远适异域,产生出无限的凄凉,何况蔡文姬还是被掳掠呢!饱受番兵的凌辱和鞭笞,一步一步走向渺茫不可知的未来,这年她二十三岁,这一去就是十二年。zhe xin jing shi ke yi xiang xiang de dao de ,dang chu xi jun yu jie you jia gei wu sun guo wang ,wang zhao jun jia gei hu han xie ,zong suan shi feng feng guang guang de zhan jin le shen fen ,dan you yu shi yuan kuo yi yu ,chan sheng chu mo xian de qi liang ,he kuang cai wen ji hai shi bei lu lve ne !bao shou fan bing de ling ru he bian chi ,yi bu yi bu zou xiang miao mang bu ke zhi de wei lai ,zhe nian ta er shi san sui ,zhe yi qu jiu shi shi er nian 。
在这十二年中,她嫁给了虎背熊腰的匈奴左贤王,饱尝了异族异乡异俗生活的痛苦。当然她也为左贤王生下两个儿子,大的叫阿迪拐,小的叫阿眉拐。她还学会了吹奏“胡笳”,学会了一些异族的语言。zai zhe shi er nian zhong ,ta jia gei le hu bei xiong yao de xiong nu zuo xian wang ,bao chang le yi zu yi xiang yi su sheng huo de tong ku 。dang ran ta ye wei zuo xian wang sheng xia liang ge er zi ,da de jiao a di guai ,xiao de jiao a mei guai 。ta hai xue hui le chui zou “hu jia ”,xue hui le yi xie yi zu de yu yan 。
在这十二年中,曹操也已经基本扫平北方群雄,把汉献帝由长安迎到许昌,后来又迁到洛阳。曹操当上宰相,挟天子以令诸侯。人一旦在能喘一口气的时侯,就能想到过去的种种,尤其是在志得意满的时侯,在这回忆中,想到少年时代的老师蔡邕对他的教导,想至、老师没有儿子,只有一个女儿。当他得知这个当年的女孩被捞到了南匈奴时,他立即派周近做使者,携带黄金千两,白壁一双,要把她赎回来。zai zhe shi er nian zhong ,cao cao ye yi jing ji ben sao ping bei fang qun xiong ,ba han suo di you chang an ying dao hu chang ,hou lai you qian dao luo yang 。cao cao dang shang zai xiang ,jia tian zi yi ling zhu hou 。ren yi dan zai neng chuan yi kou qi de shi hou ,jiu neng xiang dao guo qu de chong chong ,you ji shi zai zhi de yi man de shi hou ,zai zhe hui yi zhong ,xiang dao shao nian shi dai de lao shi cai yong dui ta de jiao dao ,xiang zhi 、lao shi mei you er zi ,zhi you yi ge nv er 。dang ta de zhi zhe ge dang nian de nv hai bei lao dao le na xiong nu shi ,ta li ji pa zhou jin zuo shi zhe ,xie dai huang jin qian liang ,bai bi yi shuang ,yao ba ta shu hui lai 。
蔡文姬多年被掳掠是痛苦的,现在一旦要结束十二年的羶肉酪浆生活,离开对自己恩爱有力的左贤王,和天真无邪的两个儿子,分不清是悲是喜,只觉得柔肠寸断,泪如雨下,在汉使的催促下,她在恍惚中登车而去,在车轮辚辚的转动中,十二年的生活,点点滴滴注入心头,从而留下了动人心魄的“胡笳十八拍”。cai wen ji duo nian bei lu lve shi tong ku de ,xian zai yi dan yao jie shu shi er nian de shan rou lao jiang sheng huo ,li kai dui zi ji en ai you li de zuo xian wang ,he tian zhen mo xie de liang ge er zi ,fen bu qing shi bei shi xi ,zhi jiao de rou chang cun duan ,lei ru yu xia ,zai han shi de cui cu xia ,ta zai huang hu zhong deng che er qu ,zai che lun lin lin de zhuai dong zhong ,shi er nian de sheng huo ,dian dian di di zhu ru xin tou ,cong er liu xia le dong ren xin bo de “hu jia shi ba pai ”。
南匈奴人在蔡文姬去后,每于月明之夜卷芦叶而吹笳,发出哀怨的声音,模仿蔡文姬的“胡笳十八拍”,成为当地经久不衰的曲调。中原人士也以胡琴和筝来弹奏《胡笳十八啪》非常盛行,据传中原的这种风尚还是从她最后一个丈夫董祀开始的。na xiong nu ren zai cai wen ji qu hou ,mei yu yue ming zhi ye juan lu xie er chui jia ,fa chu ai yuan de sheng yin ,mo fang cai wen ji de “hu jia shi ba pai ”,cheng wei dang de jing jiu bu cui de qu diao 。zhong yuan ren shi ye yi hu qin he zheng lai dan zou 《hu jia shi ba pa 》fei chang cheng hang ,ju chuan zhong yuan de zhe chong feng shang hai shi cong ta zui hou yi ge zhang fu dong si kai shi de 。
蔡女昔造胡笳声,一弹一十有八拍;  胡人落泪沾边草,汉使断肠对归客。cai nv xi zao hu jia sheng ,yi dan yi shi you ba pai ;  hu ren la lei zhan bian cao ,han shi duan chang dui gui ke 。
  唐朝人李颀发出这样的感慨。蔡文姬是悲苦的“回归故土”与“母子团聚”都是美好的,人人应该享有的,在她却不能两全。  tang chao ren li qi fa chu zhe yang de gan kai 。cai wen ji shi bei ku de “hui gui gu tu ”yu “mu zi tuan ju ”dou shi mei hao de ,ren ren ying gai xiang you de ,zai ta que bu neng liang quan 。
蔡文姬在周近的卫护下回到故乡陈留郡,但断壁残垣,已无栖身之所,在曹操的安排下,嫁给田校尉董祀,这年她三十五岁,这年是公元208年,这年爆发了著名的“赤壁之战。”cai wen ji zai zhou jin de wei hu xia hui dao gu xiang chen liu jun ,dan duan bi can yuan ,yi mo qi shen zhi suo ,zai cao cao de an pai xia ,jia gei tian jiao wei dong si ,zhe nian ta san shi wu sui ,zhe nian shi gong yuan 208nian ,zhe nian bao fa le zhe ming de “chi bi zhi zhan 。”
坎坷的命运似乎紧跟着这个可怜的孤女,毫不放松。就在她婚后的第二年,她的依靠,她的丈夫又犯罪当死,她顾不得嫌隙,蓬首跳足地来到曹操的丞相府求情。kan ke de ming yun shi hu jin gen zhao zhe ge ke lian de gu nv ,hao bu fang song 。jiu zai ta hun hou de di er nian ,ta de yi kao ,ta de zhang fu you fan zui dang si ,ta gu bu de xian xi ,peng shou tiao zu de lai dao cao cao de cheng xiang fu qiu qing 。
曹操正在大宴宾客,公卿大夫,各路驿使坐满一堂,曹操听说蔡文姬求见,对在座的说:“蔡伯偕之女在外,诸君谅皆风闻她的才名,今为诸君见之!”cao cao zheng zai da yan bin ke ,gong qing da fu ,ge lu yi shi zuo man yi tang ,cao cao ting shui cai wen ji qiu jian ,dui zai zuo de shui :“cai bai xie zhi nv zai wai ,zhu jun liang jie feng wen ta de cai ming ,jin wei zhu jun jian zhi !”
蔡文姬走上堂来,跪下来,语意哀酸的讲清来由,在座宾客都交相诧叹不已,曹操说道:“事情确实值得同情,但文状已去,为之奈何?”蔡文姬恳道:“明公厩马万匹,虎士成林,何惜疾足一骑,而不济垂死一命乎?”说罢又是叩头。曹操念及昔日与蔡邕的交情,又想到蔡文姬悲惨的身世,倘若处死董祀,文姬势难自存,于是立刻派人快马加鞭,追回文状,并宽有其罪。cai wen ji zou shang tang lai ,gui xia lai ,yu yi ai suan de jiang qing lai you ,zai zuo bin ke dou jiao xiang cha tan bu yi ,cao cao shui dao :“shi qing que shi zhi de tong qing ,dan wen zhuang yi qu ,wei zhi nai he ?”cai wen ji ken dao :“ming gong jiu ma mo pi ,hu shi cheng lin ,he xi ji zu yi ji ,er bu ji chui si yi ming hu ?”shui ba you shi kou tou 。cao cao nian ji xi ri yu cai yong de jiao qing ,you xiang dao cai wen ji bei can de shen shi ,chang re chu si dong si ,wen ji shi nan zi cun ,yu shi li ke pa ren kuai ma jia bian ,zhui hui wen zhuang ,bing kuan you ji zui 。
蔡文姬自朔漠归来以后嫁给董祀,起初的夫妻生活并不十分和谐。就蔡文姬而言,饱经离乱忧伤,已经是残花败柳之身了,再加上思念胡地的两个儿子,时常神思恍惚;而董祀正值鼎盛年华,生得一表人才,通书史,谙音律,是一位自视甚高的人物,对于蔡文姬自然有一些无可奈何的不足之感,然而迫于丞相的授意,只好免为其难地接纳了她,董祀犯罪当死,何尝不是在不如意的婚姻中,所产生的叛逆行为所得到的结果呢?蔡文姬当然明白其中的道理,因而卯足了劲,要为丈夫开脱,终于以父亲的关系,激起曹操的怜悯之心,而救了董祀一命。cai wen ji zi shuo mo gui lai yi hou jia gei dong si ,qi chu de fu qi sheng huo bing bu shi fen he xie 。jiu cai wen ji er yan ,bao jing li luan you shang ,yi jing shi can hua bai liu zhi shen le ,zai jia shang sai nian hu de de liang ge er zi ,shi chang shen sai huang hu ;er dong si zheng zhi ding cheng nian hua ,sheng de yi biao ren cai ,tong shu shi ,an yin lv ,shi yi wei zi shi shen gao de ren wu ,dui yu cai wen ji zi ran you yi xie mo ke nai he de bu zu zhi gan ,ran er pai yu cheng xiang de shou yi ,zhi hao mian wei ji nan de jie na le ta ,dong si fan zui dang si ,he chang bu shi zai bu ru yi de hun yin zhong ,suo chan sheng de pan ni hang wei suo de dao de jie guo ne ?cai wen ji dang ran ming bai ji zhong de dao li ,yin er mao zu le jin ,yao wei zhang fu kai tuo ,zhong yu yi fu qin de guan ji ,ji qi cao cao de lian min zhi xin ,er jiu le dong si yi ming 。
从此以后,董祀感念妻子的恩德,在感情上作了一百八十度的大转弯,开始对蔡文姬重新评估,夫妻双双也看透了世事,溯洛水而上,居在风景秀丽,林木繁茂的山麓。若干年以后,曹操狩猎经过这里,还曾经前去探视。cong ci yi hou ,dong si gan nian qi zi de en de ,zai gan qing shang zuo le yi bai ba shi du de da zhuai wan ,kai shi dui cai wen ji chong xin ping gu ,fu qi shuang shuang ye kan tou le shi shi ,su luo shui er shang ,ju zai feng jing xiu li ,lin mu fan mao de shan lu 。re gan nian yi hou ,cao cao shou lie jing guo zhe li ,hai ceng jing qian qu tan shi 。
相传,当蔡文姬为董祀求情时,曹操看到蔡文姬在严冬季节,蓬首跣足,心中大为不忍,命人取过头巾鞋袜为她换上,让她在董祀未归来之前,留居在自己家中。曹操的文学也是振古烁今的,这样的人就特别的爱书,尤其是难得一见的书,在一次闲谈中,曹操表示出很羡慕蔡文姬家中原来的藏书。当蔡文姬告诉他原来家中所藏的四千卷书,几经战乱,已全部遗失时,曹操流露出深深的失望,当听到蔡文姬还能背出四百篇时,又大喜过望,立即说:“既然如此,可命十名书吏到尊府抄录如何?”蔡文姬惶恐答道:“妾闻男女有别,礼不授亲,乞给草笔,真草唯命。”这样蔡文姬凭记忆默写出四百篇文章,文无遗误,满足了曹操的好奇心,也可见蔡文姬的才情。xiang chuan ,dang cai wen ji wei dong si qiu qing shi ,cao cao kan dao cai wen ji zai yan dong ji jie ,peng shou xian zu ,xin zhong da wei bu ren ,ming ren qu guo tou jin xie wa wei ta huan shang ,rang ta zai dong si wei gui lai zhi qian ,liu ju zai zi ji jia zhong 。cao cao de wen xue ye shi zhen gu shuo jin de ,zhe yang de ren jiu te bie de ai shu ,you ji shi nan de yi jian de shu ,zai yi ci xian tan zhong ,cao cao biao shi chu hen xian mu cai wen ji jia zhong yuan lai de cang shu 。dang cai wen ji gao su ta yuan lai jia zhong suo cang de si qian juan shu ,ji jing zhan luan ,yi quan bu wei shi shi ,cao cao liu lou chu shen shen de shi wang ,dang ting dao cai wen ji hai neng bei chu si bai pian shi ,you da xi guo wang ,li ji shui :“ji ran ru ci ,ke ming shi ming shu li dao zun fu chao lu ru he ?”cai wen ji huang kong da dao :“qie wen nan nv you bie ,li bu shou qin ,qi gei cao bi ,zhen cao wei ming 。”zhe yang cai wen ji ping ji yi mo xie chu si bai pian wen zhang ,wen mo wei wu ,man zu le cao cao de hao ji xin ,ye ke jian cai wen ji de cai qing 。
蔡文姬传世的作品除了《胡笳十八拍》外,还有《悲愤诗》,被称为我国诗史上文人创作的第一首自传体的五言长篇叙事诗。“真情穷切,自然成文”,激昂酸楚,在建安诗歌中别构一体。cai wen ji chuan shi de zuo pin chu le 《hu jia shi ba pai 》wai ,hai you 《bei fen shi 》,bei chen wei wo guo shi shi shang wen ren chuang zuo de di yi shou zi chuan ti de wu yan chang pian xu shi shi 。“zhen qing qiong qie ,zi ran cheng wen ”,ji ang suan chu ,zai jian an shi ge zhong bie gou yi ti 。
蔡文姬一生三嫁,在被掠到南匈奴之前,曾远嫁河东卫家,卫家是河东世族,她的丈夫卫仲道更是大学出色的士子,夫妇两人恩爱非常,可惜好景不长,不到一年,卫仲道便因咯血而死。蔡文姬不曾生下一儿半女,卫家的人又嫌她克死了丈夫,当时才高气傲的蔡文姬不顾父亲的反对,毅然离开卫家回到老家。她最后嫁给董祀,也生有一儿一女,女儿嫁给了司马懿的儿子司马师为妻。cai wen ji yi sheng san jia ,zai bei lve dao na xiong nu zhi qian ,ceng yuan jia he dong wei jia ,wei jia shi he dong shi zu ,ta de zhang fu wei zhong dao geng shi da xue chu se de shi zi ,fu fu liang ren en ai fei chang ,ke xi hao jing bu chang ,bu dao yi nian ,wei zhong dao bian yin ge xie er si 。cai wen ji bu ceng sheng xia yi er ban nv ,wei jia de ren you xian ta ke si le zhang fu ,dang shi cai gao qi ao de cai wen ji bu gu fu qin de fan dui ,yi ran li kai wei jia hui dao lao jia 。ta zui hou jia gei dong si ,ye sheng you yi er yi nv ,nv er jia gei le si ma yi de er zi si ma shi wei qi 。
2.2.
第一部纪传体通史:史记《史记》是我国西汉著名史学家司马迁撰写的一部纪传体史书,是中国历史上第一部纪传体通史,被列为二十四史之首。原名《太史公记》。《史记》是一部纵横古今数千年的巨著。该书是中国古代最著名的古典典籍之一,记载了上自上古传说中的黄帝时代,下至汉武帝元狩元年间共3000多年的历史。与后来的《汉书》、《后汉书》、《三国志》合称“前四史”。di yi bu ji chuan ti tong shi :shi ji 《shi ji 》shi wo guo xi han zhe ming shi xue jia si ma qian zhuan xie de yi bu ji chuan ti shi shu ,shi zhong guo li shi shang di yi bu ji chuan ti tong shi ,bei lie wei er shi si shi zhi shou 。yuan ming 《tai shi gong ji 》。《shi ji 》shi yi bu zong heng gu jin shu qian nian de ju zhe 。gai shu shi zhong guo gu dai zui zhe ming de gu dian dian ji zhi yi ,ji zai le shang zi shang gu chuan shui zhong de huang di shi dai ,xia zhi han wu di yuan shou yuan nian jian gong 3000duo nian de li shi 。yu hou lai de 《han shu 》、《hou han shu 》、《san guo zhi 》ge chen “qian si shi ”。
据司马迁说,全书有本纪十二篇,表十篇,书八篇,世家三十篇,列传七十篇,共一百三十篇。ju si ma qian shui ,quan shu you ben ji shi er pian ,biao shi pian ,shu ba pian ,shi jia san shi pian ,lie chuan qi shi pian ,gong yi bai san shi pian 。
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