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2020
12-07

林语堂散文

林语堂散文
林语堂散文《知足常乐》到了中国的游历家,尤其是那些任性深入的游历家,他们闯进了外人踪迹罕至的内地,无不大吃一惊。那里的农民群众生活程度如此之低,却人人埋头苦干,他们盖兴奋而知足。就像在大饥荒的省份,如陕西,此种知足精神,普遍地广播遐迩,除了极少数的例外;而且陕西的农民也还有能莞尔而笑的。lin yu tang san wen 《zhi zu chang le 》dao le zhong guo de you li jia ,you ji shi na xie ren xing shen ru de you li jia ,ta men chuang jin le wai ren zong ji han zhi de nei de ,mo bu da chi yi jing 。na li de nong min qun zhong sheng huo cheng du ru ci zhi di ,que ren ren mai tou ku gan ,ta men gai xing fen er zhi zu 。jiu xiang zai da ji huang de sheng fen ,ru shan xi ,ci chong zhi zu jing shen ,pu bian de an bo xia er ,chu le ji shao shu de li wai ;er ju shan xi de nong min ye hai you neng guan er er xiao de 。
现在有许多为局外人认为中国人民之痛苦者乃系衡以邪僻的欧美生活标准之故耳。若欲处处衡以欧美生活标准,殊无人能感受幸福,除非少数阶级能住居于高级的大公寓而自备一架无线电收音机者。这个标准假使是正当,那么1850年以前就未尝有幸福之人,而美国之幸福人必尤多于巴威(),因为巴威地方很少回转轻便的理发椅,当然更少电链和电铃。但在中国的乡村里头,这些设备可更少,虽然在极端欧化的上海,那些老式理发椅已经绝迹。其实这极老式理发椅才是货真价实的椅子,而这些老式椅子你倒可仍在伦敦的和巴黎的发现。照著者想来,一个人要坐还是坐一把名副其实的椅子,要睡还是睡在名副其实的床上(而不是白昼应用的沙发),这才觉得幸福些。一种生活标准,倘使拿每天使用机械设备的次数来测量一个人的文明程度的`那种标准,一定是不可靠的标准。故许多所谓中国人知足之神秘,乃出自西方人之幻觉耳。xian zai you hu duo wei ju wai ren ren wei zhong guo ren min zhi tong ku zhe nai ji heng yi xie pi de ou mei sheng huo biao zhun zhi gu er 。re yu chu chu heng yi ou mei sheng huo biao zhun ,shu mo ren neng gan shou xing fu ,chu fei shao shu jie ji neng zhu ju yu gao ji de da gong yu er zi bei yi jia mo xian dian shou yin ji zhe 。zhe ge biao zhun jia shi shi zheng dang ,na me 1850nian yi qian jiu wei chang you xing fu zhi ren ,er mei guo zhi xing fu ren bi you duo yu ba wei (),yin wei ba wei de fang hen shao hui zhuai qing bian de li fa yi ,dang ran geng shao dian lian he dian ling 。dan zai zhong guo de xiang cun li tou ,zhe xie she bei ke geng shao ,sui ran zai ji duan ou hua de shang hai ,na xie lao shi li fa yi yi jing jue ji 。ji shi zhe ji lao shi li fa yi cai shi huo zhen jia shi de yi zi ,er zhe xie lao shi yi zi ni dao ke reng zai lun dui de he ba li de fa xian 。zhao zhe zhe xiang lai ,yi ge ren yao zuo hai shi zuo yi ba ming fu ji shi de yi zi ,yao shui hai shi shui zai ming fu ji shi de chuang shang (er bu shi bai zhou ying yong de sha fa ),zhe cai jiao de xing fu xie 。yi chong sheng huo biao zhun ,chang shi na mei tian shi yong ji xie she bei de ci shu lai ce liang yi ge ren de wen ming cheng du de `na chong biao zhun ,yi ding shi bu ke kao de biao zhun 。gu hu duo suo wei zhong guo ren zhi zu zhi shen bi ,nai chu zi xi fang ren zhi huan jiao er 。
然无论如何,倘把中国人和西洋人分门别类,一阶级归一阶级,处于同一环境下,则中国人或许总是比西方人来得知足,那是不错的。此种愉快而知足的精神流露于智识阶级,也流露于非智识阶级,因为这是中国传统思想的渗透结果。可以到北平去看看著劲儿而多闲话的洋车夫,他们一路开着玩笑,最好让同伴翻个筋斗,好叫他笑个痛快。或则可以上牯岭去看看气喘喘汗流浃背抬你上山的轿夫;或则可以到四川去看看挽航船逆急流而上行的拉纤夫,他所能获得以维持每天生活的微薄报酬,仅足敷一天两顿菲薄而满意的苦饭。照中国知足原理上的见解,倘能够吃一顿菲薄而安逸的苦饭,吃了下肚不致担什么心事,便是大大运气。中国有位学者说过:“人生但须果腹耳,此外尽属奢靡。”ran mo lun ru he ,chang ba zhong guo ren he xi xiang ren fen men bie lei ,yi jie ji gui yi jie ji ,chu yu tong yi huan jing xia ,ze zhong guo ren huo hu zong shi bi xi fang ren lai de zhi zu ,na shi bu cuo de 。ci chong yu kuai er zhi zu de jing shen liu lou yu zhi shi jie ji ,ye liu lou yu fei zhi shi jie ji ,yin wei zhe shi zhong guo chuan tong sai xiang de shen tou jie guo 。ke yi dao bei ping qu kan kan zhe jin er er duo xian hua de xiang che fu ,ta men yi lu kai zhao wan xiao ,zui hao rang tong ban fan ge jin dou ,hao jiao ta xiao ge tong kuai 。huo ze ke yi shang gu ling qu kan kan qi chuan chuan han liu jia bei tai ni shang shan de jiao fu ;huo ze ke yi dao si chuan qu kan kan wan hang chuan ni ji liu er shang hang de la qian fu ,ta suo neng huo de yi wei chi mei tian sheng huo de wei bao bao chou ,jin zu fu yi tian liang du fei bao er man yi de ku fan 。zhao zhong guo zhi zu yuan li shang de jian jie ,chang neng gou chi yi du fei bao er an yi de ku fan ,chi le xia du bu zhi dan shen me xin shi ,bian shi da da yun qi 。zhong guo you wei xue zhe shui guo :“ren sheng dan xu guo fu er ,ci wai jin shu she mi 。”
知足又为“慈祥”“和气”的代名词,此等字眼到了旧历新年,大家用朱红笺写在通行的门联里,这是一半为谦和的箴训,一半为人类智慧,明代学者即以此意劝人“惜福”。老子有句格言,现已成为普遍口头禅,叫做“知足不辱,知止不殆。”在文学里头,这个意识常转化而为田园思想,为乐天主义,吾人可于诗及私人书翰中常遇此等情绪。著者暇时尝于明人尺牍选集中拣出陆深致其友人书一篇,颇足以代表此等情绪:zhi zu you wei “ci xiang ”“he qi ”de dai ming ci ,ci deng zi yan dao le jiu li xin nian ,da jia yong zhu gong jian xie zai tong hang de men lian li ,zhe shi yi ban wei qian he de zhen xun ,yi ban wei ren lei zhi hui ,ming dai xue zhe ji yi ci yi quan ren “xi fu ”。lao zi you gou ge yan ,xian yi cheng wei pu bian kou tou chan ,jiao zuo “zhi zu bu ru ,zhi zhi bu dai 。”zai wen xue li tou ,zhe ge yi shi chang zhuai hua er wei tian yuan sai xiang ,wei le tian zhu yi ,wu ren ke yu shi ji si ren shu han zhong chang yu ci deng qing xu 。zhe zhe xia shi chang yu ming ren che du shua ji zhong jian chu liu shen zhi ji you ren shu yi pian ,po zu yi dai biao ci deng qing xu :
晚将有佳月,别具画舫,载鼓吹同泛何如?昨致湖石数株,西堂添却一倍磊块新凉,能过我信宿留乎?兼制隐居冠服,待旦夕间命下,便作山中无事老人矣!wan jiang you jia yue ,bie ju hua fang ,zai gu chui tong fan he ru ?zuo zhi hu dan shu zhu ,xi tang tian que yi bei lei kuai xin liang ,neng guo wo xin su liu hu ?jian zhi yin ju guan fu ,dai dan xi jian ming xia ,bian zuo shan zhong mo shi lao ren yi !
此种情绪当其渗入流行的学者思想,使他们安居茅舍之中而乐天知命。ci chong qing xu dang ji shen ru liu hang de xue zhe sai xiang ,shi ta men an ju mao she zhi zhong er le tian zhi ming 。
人类的幸福是脆弱的物体,因为“神”老是嫉妒人类的幸福。幸福问题因而是人生不可捉摸的问题。人类对于一切文化与物质进步虽尽了全力,幸福问题毕竟值得人类一切智慧的最大关心以谋解决。中国人竭尽了他们的常识,下过最大毅力以谋求此幸福。好像功利主义之信徒,他们常热心于幸福问题,胜于物质进步问题。ren lei de xing fu shi cui ruo de wu ti ,yin wei “shen ”lao shi ji du ren lei de xing fu 。xing fu wen ti yin er shi ren sheng bu ke zhuo mo de wen ti 。ren lei dui yu yi qie wen hua yu wu zhi jin bu sui jin le quan li ,xing fu wen ti bi jing zhi de ren lei yi qie zhi hui de zui da guan xin yi mou jie jue 。zhong guo ren jie jin le ta men de chang shi ,xia guo zui da yi li yi mou qiu ci xing fu 。hao xiang gong li zhu yi zhi xin tu ,ta men chang re xin yu xing fu wen ti ,sheng yu wu zhi jin bu wen ti 。
罗素夫人曾聪慧地指出:“快乐的权利”在西方是一个被遗忘了的权利,从前到现在,一向未有人注意及之;西方人的心灵常被次一等的权利观念所支配着,他们注意于国家预算的表决权,宣战投票权,和被逮捕时应受审讯的私权。可是中国人从未想到逮捕时应受审讯的权利,而一意关心着快乐的幸福,这快乐不是贫穷也不是屈辱所能剥夺他们的。欧美人的处理幸福问题常取积极的态度,而中国人常取消极的态度,所以幸福问题最后可以收缩为个人的欲望问题。luo su fu ren ceng cong hui de zhi chu :“kuai le de quan li ”zai xi fang shi yi ge bei wei wang le de quan li ,cong qian dao xian zai ,yi xiang wei you ren zhu yi ji zhi ;xi fang ren de xin ling chang bei ci yi deng de quan li guan nian suo zhi pei zhao ,ta men zhu yi yu guo jia yu suan de biao jue quan ,xuan zhan tou piao quan ,he bei dai bu shi ying shou shen xun de si quan 。ke shi zhong guo ren cong wei xiang dao dai bu shi ying shou shen xun de quan li ,er yi yi guan xin zhao kuai le de xing fu ,zhe kuai le bu shi pin qiong ye bu shi qu ru suo neng bao duo ta men de 。ou mei ren de chu li xing fu wen ti chang qu ji ji de tai du ,er zhong guo ren chang qu xiao ji de tai du ,suo yi xing fu wen ti zui hou ke yi shou su wei ge ren de yu wang wen ti 。
可是一讲到欲望问题,吾人就感觉到茫无头绪,吾们真正所需的是什么呢?为了这个缘故,第俄泽尼()的故事常令吾人发笑,同时也着实又羡又妒,因为他宣称他是一个快活人,原因是他没有任何欲望。当他见了一个小孩子双手捧水而饮,索性把自己的饭碗也摔掉。现代的人们,常觉得自己困扰于许多难题中,而大部分与他的人生有密切之关系。他一方面羡慕第俄泽尼的逃禅的理想,同时又舍不得错过一场好戏或一张轰动的影片的机会,这就是吾们所谓的摩登人物之不安顿的心情。ke shi yi jiang dao yu wang wen ti ,wu ren jiu gan jiao dao mang mo tou xu ,wu men zhen zheng suo xu de shi shen me ne ?wei le zhe ge yuan gu ,di e ze ni ()de gu shi chang ling wu ren fa xiao ,tong shi ye zhao shi you xian you du ,yin wei ta xuan chen ta shi yi ge kuai huo ren ,yuan yin shi ta mei you ren he yu wang 。dang ta jian le yi ge xiao hai zi shuang shou peng shui er yin ,suo xing ba zi ji de fan wan ye shuai diao 。xian dai de ren men ,chang jiao de zi ji kun rao yu hu duo nan ti zhong ,er da bu fen yu ta de ren sheng you mi qie zhi guan ji 。ta yi fang mian xian mu di e ze ni de tao chan de li xiang ,tong shi you she bu de cuo guo yi chang hao hu huo yi zhang hong dong de ying pian de ji hui ,zhe jiu shi wu men suo wei de ma deng ren wu zhi bu an du de xin qing 。
中国人藉知足哲学消极地企求快乐,但其逃禅的程度尚未达到第俄泽尼之深,因为中国人任何事情从未想深进,中国人与第俄泽尼不同之点,即中国人到底还有一些欲望,还需要一些东西。不过他所欲望的只是足令他快乐的东西,而要是无法达到目的,则亦并无坚持之意。譬如他至少需要两件清洁的衬衫,但倘是真正穷得无法可想,则一件也就够了。他又需要看看名伶演剧,将藉此尽情地享乐一下,但倘令他必须离开剧场,不得享乐,则亦不衷心戚戚。他希望居屋的附近有几棵大树,但倘令是地方狭小,则天井里种一株枣树也就够他欣赏。他希望有许多小孩子和一位太太,这位太太要能够替他弄几色配胃口的菜肴才好,假使他有钱的话,那还得雇一名上好厨子,加上一个美貌的使女,穿一条绯红色的薄裤,当他读书或挥毫作画的时候,焚香随侍;他希望得几个要好朋友和一个女人,这个女人要善解人意,最好就是他的太太,非然者,弄一个歌女也行,但倘是他的命宫中没有注定这一笔艳福,则也不衷心戚戚。他需要一顿饱餐,薄粥汤和咸萝卜干在中国倒也不贵,他又想弄一甏上好老酒,米酒往往是家常自酿了的,不然,几枚铜元也可以到汾酒铺去沽他妈的一大碗了;他又想过过闲暇的生活。而闲暇时间在中国也不稀罕,他将愉悦如小鸟,若他能:zhong guo ren ji zhi zu zhe xue xiao ji de qi qiu kuai le ,dan ji tao chan de cheng du shang wei da dao di e ze ni zhi shen ,yin wei zhong guo ren ren he shi qing cong wei xiang shen jin ,zhong guo ren yu di e ze ni bu tong zhi dian ,ji zhong guo ren dao de hai you yi xie yu wang ,hai xu yao yi xie dong xi 。bu guo ta suo yu wang de zhi shi zu ling ta kuai le de dong xi ,er yao shi mo fa da dao mu de ,ze yi bing mo jian chi zhi yi 。pi ru ta zhi shao xu yao liang jian qing jie de chen shan ,dan chang shi zhen zheng qiong de mo fa ke xiang ,ze yi jian ye jiu gou le 。ta you xu yao kan kan ming ling yan ju ,jiang ji ci jin qing de xiang le yi xia ,dan chang ling ta bi xu li kai ju chang ,bu de xiang le ,ze yi bu zhong xin qi qi 。ta xi wang ju wu de fu jin you ji ke da shu ,dan chang ling shi de fang xia xiao ,ze tian jing li chong yi zhu zao shu ye jiu gou ta xin shang 。ta xi wang you hu duo xiao hai zi he yi wei tai tai ,zhe wei tai tai yao neng gou ti ta long ji se pei wei kou de cai yao cai hao ,jia shi ta you qian de hua ,na hai de gu yi ming shang hao chu zi ,jia shang yi ge mei mao de shi nv ,chuan yi tiao fei gong se de bao ku ,dang ta dou shu huo hui hao zuo hua de shi hou ,fen xiang sui shi ;ta xi wang de ji ge yao hao peng you he yi ge nv ren ,zhe ge nv ren yao shan jie ren yi ,zui hao jiu shi ta de tai tai ,fei ran zhe ,long yi ge ge nv ye hang ,dan chang shi ta de ming gong zhong mei you zhu ding zhe yi bi yan fu ,ze ye bu zhong xin qi qi 。ta xu yao yi du bao can ,bao yu shang he xian luo bo gan zai zhong guo dao ye bu gui ,ta you xiang long yi beng shang hao lao jiu ,mi jiu wang wang shi jia chang zi niang le de ,bu ran ,ji mei tong yuan ye ke yi dao fen jiu pu qu gu ta ma de yi da wan le ;ta you xiang guo guo xian xia de sheng huo 。er xian xia shi jian zai zhong guo ye bu xi han ,ta jiang yu yue ru xiao diao ,re ta neng :
  因过竹院逢僧话,偷得浮生半日闲。  yin guo zhu yuan feng seng hua ,tou de fu sheng ban ri xian 。
倘使无福享受怡情悦性的花园,则他需要一间门虽设而常开的茅屋,位于群山之中,小川纡曲萦绕屋前,或则位于溪谷之间,晌午已过,可以拽杖闲游河岸之上,静观群鹈捕鱼之乐;但倘令无此清福而必须住居市尘之内,则也不致衷心戚戚,因为他至少总可得养一只笼中鸟,种几株盆景花,和一颗天上的明月,明月固人人可得而有之者也。故宋代诗人苏东坡就为了明月写了一篇美丽小巧的短文,叫做《记承天夜游》:chang shi mo fu xiang shou yi qing yue xing de hua yuan ,ze ta xu yao yi jian men sui she er chang kai de mao wu ,wei yu qun shan zhi zhong ,xiao chuan yu qu ying rao wu qian ,huo ze wei yu xi gu zhi jian ,shang wu yi guo ,ke yi ye zhang xian you he an zhi shang ,jing guan qun ti bu yu zhi le ;dan chang ling mo ci qing fu er bi xu zhu ju shi chen zhi nei ,ze ye bu zhi zhong xin qi qi ,yin wei ta zhi shao zong ke de yang yi zhi long zhong diao ,chong ji zhu pen jing hua ,he yi ke tian shang de ming yue ,ming yue gu ren ren ke de er you zhi zhe ye 。gu song dai shi ren su dong po jiu wei le ming yue xie le yi pian mei li xiao qiao de duan wen ,jiao zuo 《ji cheng tian ye you 》:
元丰六年十月十二日夜,解衣欲睡,月色入户,欣然起行;念无与乐者,遂至承天寺寻张怀民,怀民亦未寝,相与步于中庭,庭下如积水空明,水中藻荇交横,盖竹柏影也。何夜无月,何处无竹柏,但少闲人如吾两人耳。yuan feng liu nian shi yue shi er ri ye ,jie yi yu shui ,yue se ru hu ,xin ran qi hang ;nian mo yu le zhe ,sui zhi cheng tian si xun zhang huai min ,huai min yi wei qin ,xiang yu bu yu zhong ting ,ting xia ru ji shui kong ming ,shui zhong zao xing jiao heng ,gai zhu bai ying ye 。he ye mo yue ,he chu mo zhu bai ,dan shao xian ren ru wu liang ren er 。
一个强烈的决心,以摄取人生至善至美;一股殷热的欲望,以享乐一身之所有,但倘令命该无福可享,则亦不怨天尤人。这是中国人“知足”的精义。yi ge jiang lie de jue xin ,yi she qu ren sheng zhi shan zhi mei ;yi gu yan re de yu wang ,yi xiang le yi shen zhi suo you ,dan chang ling ming gai mo fu ke xiang ,ze yi bu yuan tian you ren 。zhe shi zhong guo ren “zhi zu ”de jing yi 。
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