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2020
12-07

文学作品概论及散文

文学作品概论及散文
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1、第二章,文学的体裁散文,1,教学目的,1、了解散文的分类。2、把握散文的特征。教学重点了解散文的分类。把握散文的特征。,2,一、散文概念,现代散文,是指与小说、诗歌、戏剧并列的一种文学体裁,对它又有广义和狭义两种理解。广义的散文,是指诗歌、小说、戏剧以外的所有具有文学性的散行文章。除以议论抒情为主的散文外,还包括通讯、报告文学、随笔杂文、回忆录、传记等文体。狭义的散文是指文艺性散文,它是一种以记叙或抒情为主,取材广泛、笔法灵活、篇幅短小、情文并茂的文学样式。,3,二、散文的分类,散文具有记叙、议论、抒情三种功能,与此相应,散文可分为记叙性散文抒情性散文议论性散文,4,记叙。1、di er zhang ,wen xue de ti cai san wen ,1,jiao xue mu de ,1、le jie san wen de fen lei 。2、ba wo san wen de te zheng 。jiao xue chong dian le jie san wen de fen lei 。ba wo san wen de te zheng 。,2,yi 、san wen gai nian ,xian dai san wen ,shi zhi yu xiao shui 、shi ge 、hu ju bing lie de yi chong wen xue ti cai ,dui ta you you an yi he xia yi liang chong li jie 。an yi de san wen ,shi zhi shi ge 、xiao shui 、hu ju yi wai de suo you ju you wen xue xing de san hang wen zhang 。chu yi yi lun shu qing wei zhu de san wen wai ,hai bao gua tong xun 、bao gao wen xue 、sui bi za wen 、hui yi lu 、chuan ji deng wen ti 。xia yi de san wen shi zhi wen yi xing san wen ,ta shi yi chong yi ji xu huo shu qing wei zhu ,qu cai an fan 、bi fa ling huo 、pian fu duan xiao 、qing wen bing mao de wen xue yang shi 。,3,er 、san wen de fen lei ,san wen ju you ji xu 、yi lun 、shu qing san chong gong neng ,yu ci xiang ying ,san wen ke fen wei ji xu xing san wen shu qing xing san wen yi lun xing san wen ,4,ji xu 。
2、散文,以记叙人物、事件、景物为主的散文,称为记叙散文。记叙散文叙事较完整,写人人物形象鲜明,描写景物倾注作者的情感。,5,记叙散文,根据内容的侧重点不同,又可分为记事散文和写人散文。偏重于记事的散文以事件发展为线索,偏重对事件的叙述。它可以是一个有头有尾的故事,如许地山的落花生,也可以是几个片断的剪辑,如鲁迅的从百草园到三味书屋。在叙事中倾注作者真挚的感情,这是与小说叙事最显著的区别。,6,记叙散文,偏重于记人的散文,全篇以人物为中心。它往往抓住人物的性格特征作粗线条勾勒,偏重表现人物的基本气质、性格和精神面貌,如鲁迅藤野先生。人物形象是否真实是它与小说的区别。,7,记叙散文,游记性散文。。2、san wen ,yi ji xu ren wu 、shi jian 、jing wu wei zhu de san wen ,chen wei ji xu san wen 。ji xu san wen xu shi jiao wan zheng ,xie ren ren wu xing xiang xian ming ,miao xie jing wu qing zhu zuo zhe de qing gan 。,5,ji xu san wen ,gen ju nei rong de ce chong dian bu tong ,you ke fen wei ji shi san wen he xie ren san wen 。pian chong yu ji shi de san wen yi shi jian fa zhan wei xian suo ,pian chong dui shi jian de xu shu 。ta ke yi shi yi ge you tou you wei de gu shi ,ru hu de shan de la hua sheng ,ye ke yi shi ji ge pian duan de jian ji ,ru lu xun de cong bai cao yuan dao san wei shu wu 。zai xu shi zhong qing zhu zuo zhe zhen zhi de gan qing ,zhe shi yu xiao shui xu shi zui xian zhe de ou bie 。,6,ji xu san wen ,pian chong yu ji ren de san wen ,quan pian yi ren wu wei zhong xin 。ta wang wang zhua zhu ren wu de xing ge te zheng zuo cu xian tiao gou le ,pian chong biao xian ren wu de ji ben qi zhi 、xing ge he jing shen mian mao ,ru lu xun teng ye xian sheng 。ren wu xing xiang shi fou zhen shi shi ta yu xiao shui de ou bie 。,7,ji xu san wen ,you ji xing san wen 。。
3、它的内容十分广泛,山川景色、风俗民情、名胜古迹都属记游范围。游记散文最主要的特点是作品所描写的景物必须完全真实,不允许夸饰和虚构;但又不是照相似的实录,而是作者融情于物,达到情景交融。,8,抒情性散文,主要用以抒发作者主观情感的散文叫抒情散文。富有情感是所有散文的共同特征,抒情散文情感更强想象更丰富,语言更具有诗意。抒情散文主要用象征、比兴、拟人等方法,借景抒情和托物言志是这类散文最常用的手法。,9,抒情性散文,托物言志式散文,即象征性散文,作者将情感融于某个具有象征意义的具体事物,借助象形联想或意蕴联想把主观情感表现出来。如杨朔的多数散文,矛盾的白杨礼赞等。,10,抒情性散文,借景抒情。3、ta de nei rong shi fen an fan ,shan chuan jing se 、feng su min qing 、ming sheng gu ji dou shu ji you fan wei 。you ji san wen zui zhu yao de te dian shi zuo pin suo miao xie de jing wu bi xu wan quan zhen shi ,bu yun hu kua shi he xu gou ;dan you bu shi zhao xiang shi de shi lu ,er shi zuo zhe rong qing yu wu ,da dao qing jing jiao rong 。,8,shu qing xing san wen ,zhu yao yong yi shu fa zuo zhe zhu guan qing gan de san wen jiao shu qing san wen 。fu you qing gan shi suo you san wen de gong tong te zheng ,shu qing san wen qing gan geng jiang xiang xiang geng feng fu ,yu yan geng ju you shi yi 。shu qing san wen zhu yao yong xiang zheng 、bi xing 、ni ren deng fang fa ,jie jing shu qing he tuo wu yan zhi shi zhe lei san wen zui chang yong de shou fa 。,9,shu qing xing san wen ,tuo wu yan zhi shi san wen ,ji xiang zheng xing san wen ,zuo zhe jiang qing gan rong yu mou ge ju you xiang zheng yi yi de ju ti shi wu ,jie zhu xiang xing lian xiang huo yi wen lian xiang ba zhu guan qing gan biao xian chu lai 。ru yang shuo de duo shu san wen ,mao dun de bai yang li zan deng 。,10,shu qing xing san wen ,jie jing shu qing 。
4、的散文,将感情寓于景物之中,赋景物以生命,明写景,暗写情,做到情景交融,情景相生。如朱自清的荷塘月色、刘白羽的日出等。,11,议论性散文,以发表议论为主的散文称为议论散文。它与抒情散文一样注重情感的抒发,不同的是议论散文重于理智,抒情散文重于感情。它又不同于一般的议论文,用事实和逻辑来说理,而主要用文学形象来说话,是一种文艺性的议论文。它既有生动的形象,又有严密的逻辑;既要以情动人,又要以理服人;融形、情、理于一炉,合政论与文艺于一体。鲁迅先生的杂文、陶铸的松树的风格等都是典型的议论散文。,12,三、散文的特征,总特征形散神不散(形散神凝)。较强的纪实性取材的广泛性。3.形式的灵活。4、de san wen ,jiang gan qing yu yu jing wu zhi zhong ,fu jing wu yi sheng ming ,ming xie jing ,an xie qing ,zuo dao qing jing jiao rong ,qing jing xiang sheng 。ru zhu zi qing de he tang yue se 、liu bai yu de ri chu deng 。,11,yi lun xing san wen ,yi fa biao yi lun wei zhu de san wen chen wei yi lun san wen 。ta yu shu qing san wen yi yang zhu chong qing gan de shu fa ,bu tong de shi yi lun san wen chong yu li zhi ,shu qing san wen chong yu gan qing 。ta you bu tong yu yi ban de yi lun wen ,yong shi shi he luo ji lai shui li ,er zhu yao yong wen xue xing xiang lai shui hua ,shi yi chong wen yi xing de yi lun wen 。ta ji you sheng dong de xing xiang ,you you yan mi de luo ji ;ji yao yi qing dong ren ,you yao yi li fu ren ;rong xing 、qing 、li yu yi lu ,ge zheng lun yu wen yi yu yi ti 。lu xun xian sheng de za wen 、tao zhu de song shu de feng ge deng dou shi dian xing de yi lun san wen 。,12,san 、san wen de te zheng ,zong te zheng xing san shen bu san (xing san shen ning )。jiao jiang de ji shi xing qu cai de an fan xing 。3.xing shi de ling huo 。
5、性诗意浓郁。语言优美(篇幅)短小精悍。,13,较强的纪实性,散文具有较强的纪实性质。但对纪实性的理解,至今仍有较大分歧,比较有代表性的意见有三种。一是主张绝对真实二是主张“大实小虚”三是供实用的散文,要严格地写实;供欣赏的散文,允许有虚构的成分存在,14,主张绝对真实“描述真人真事,是散文的首要特征。散文家们要靠旅行访问,调查研究了积蓄丰富的素材,要把事件的经过,人物的真实,场地的实景,审察清楚了,然后才提笔伸纸。散文特写决不能仰仗虚构。它和小说、戏剧的主要区别就是在这里。”(周立波散文特写选序,散文特写选(1959-1962)人民文学出版社1963年),15,主张“大实小虚”“散。5、xing shi yi nong yu 。yu yan you mei (pian fu )duan xiao jing han 。,13,jiao jiang de ji shi xing ,san wen ju you jiao jiang de ji shi xing zhi 。dan dui ji shi xing de li jie ,zhi jin reng you jiao da fen qi ,bi jiao you dai biao xing de yi jian you san chong 。yi shi zhu zhang jue dui zhen shi er shi zhu zhang “da shi xiao xu ”san shi gong shi yong de san wen ,yao yan ge de xie shi ;gong xin shang de san wen ,yun hu you xu gou de cheng fen cun zai ,14,zhu zhang jue dui zhen shi “miao shu zhen ren zhen shi ,shi san wen de shou yao te zheng 。san wen jia men yao kao lv hang fang wen ,diao cha yan jiu le ji xu feng fu de su cai ,yao ba shi jian de jing guo ,ren wu de zhen shi ,chang de de shi jing ,shen cha qing chu le ,ran hou cai di bi shen zhi 。san wen te xie jue bu neng yang zhang xu gou 。ta he xiao shui 、hu ju de zhu yao ou bie jiu shi zai zhe li 。”(zhou li bo san wen te xie shua xu ,san wen te xie shua (1959-1962)ren min wen xue chu ban she 1963nian ),15,zhu zhang “da shi xiao xu ”“san 。
6、文写作,在选材上也并不是绝对地排斥任何虚构的。也就是说,在保持题材上大体真实的前提下,某些细节的虚构,乃至某个次要人物的虚拟,不但在创作实践上是有成例的,被允许的,而且有时甚至是很必要的。关键则是要大实小虚。”(韩少华散文散论,北京师范大学出版社写作论),16,供实用的散文,要严格地写实;供欣赏的散文,允许有虚构的成分存在“谈散文创作,我们还不能不谈虚构。虚构是文艺创作普遍采用的一种方法,它对于概括社会生活、塑造典型形象、突出作品主题均有不容忽视的作用。散文创作也不一味地排斥这种方法。具有写实特点的散文体裁之所以不排斥虚构,是因为人们写散文,自古以来就有供实用和供欣赏的分别。供实用的散文,只能。6、wen xie zuo ,zai shua cai shang ye bing bu shi jue dui de pai chi ren he xu gou de 。ye jiu shi shui ,zai bao chi ti cai shang da ti zhen shi de qian di xia ,mou xie xi jie de xu gou ,nai zhi mou ge ci yao ren wu de xu ni ,bu dan zai chuang zuo shi jian shang shi you cheng li de ,bei yun hu de ,er ju you shi shen zhi shi hen bi yao de 。guan jian ze shi yao da shi xiao xu 。”(han shao hua san wen san lun ,bei jing shi fan da xue chu ban she xie zuo lun ),16,gong shi yong de san wen ,yao yan ge de xie shi ;gong xin shang de san wen ,yun hu you xu gou de cheng fen cun zai “tan san wen chuang zuo ,wo men hai bu neng bu tan xu gou 。xu gou shi wen yi chuang zuo pu bian cai yong de yi chong fang fa ,ta dui yu gai gua she hui sheng huo 、su zao dian xing xing xiang 、tu chu zuo pin zhu ti jun you bu rong hu shi de zuo yong 。san wen chuang zuo ye bu yi wei de pai chi zhe chong fang fa 。ju you xie shi te dian de san wen ti cai zhi suo yi bu pai chi xu gou ,shi yin wei ren men xie san wen ,zi gu yi lai jiu you gong shi yong he gong xin shang de fen bie 。gong shi yong de san wen ,zhi neng 。
7、严格地写实,不允许有任何虚构;而供欣赏的散文,在写实上就不那么严格,允许有虚构成分存在。”(冠显散文写实说),17,“大实小虚”,首先,“大实小虚”说在实践上反映了散文创作的客观实际。以冰心小桔灯为例,据散文家韩少华说“前不久,在拜访冰心同志的时候,得到了她的指教,得知文章中的小孩一家,以及作者同他们的接触,包括女孩父亲的姓氏都是确凿的,是实有其人、实有其事的。”“只是在个别次要之处做了一点虚构。”冰心在漫谈小桔灯的写作经过一文中,对该文“个别次要之处做了一点虚构”作了补充说明,即“我的朋友”这个次要人物是虚构的。“大实小虚”说在理论上也是顺理成章的,散文是文学作品,而虚构是文学作品常用的一。7、yan ge de xie shi ,bu yun hu you ren he xu gou ;er gong xin shang de san wen ,zai xie shi shang jiu bu na me yan ge ,yun hu you xu gou cheng fen cun zai 。”(guan xian san wen xie shi shui ),17,“da shi xiao xu ”,shou xian ,“da shi xiao xu ”shui zai shi jian shang fan ying le san wen chuang zuo de ke guan shi ji 。yi bing xin xiao jie deng wei li ,ju san wen jia han shao hua shui “qian bu jiu ,zai bai fang bing xin tong zhi de shi hou ,de dao le ta de zhi jiao ,de zhi wen zhang zhong de xiao hai yi jia ,yi ji zuo zhe tong ta men de jie chu ,bao gua nv hai fu qin de xing shi dou shi que zao de ,shi shi you ji ren 、shi you ji shi de 。”“zhi shi zai ge bie ci yao zhi chu zuo le yi dian xu gou 。”bing xin zai man tan xiao jie deng de xie zuo jing guo yi wen zhong ,dui gai wen “ge bie ci yao zhi chu zuo le yi dian xu gou ”zuo le bu chong shui ming ,ji “wo de peng you ”zhe ge ci yao ren wu shi xu gou de 。“da shi xiao xu ”shui zai li lun shang ye shi shun li cheng zhang de ,san wen shi wen xue zuo pin ,er xu gou shi wen xue zuo pin chang yong de yi 。
8、种手法,所以散文不可能与虚构无关,但这种虚构又不能破坏散文的纪实性原则,所以它只能是“大实小虚”了。,18,取材的广泛性。,郁达夫说“散文清淡易为,并且包括很广,人间天上,草木虫鱼,无不可谈。”(达夫自选集)鲁迅说,散文的“题材应听其十分自由选择,风景静物,虫鱼,即一花一叶均可。”(致罗清桢,鲁迅书信P241),人民文学出版社1959年版)周立波说“举凡国际国内大事,社会家庭的细故,掀天之浪,一物之微,自己的一段历史,一丝感触,一撮悲欢,一星冥想。往日的凄惶,今朝的欢快,都可以移于纸上,贡献读者。”(散文特写选序言)骆文说,散文“作为一种文体,好处甚多。一石之嶙,可以为文。一水之波,可以。8、chong shou fa ,suo yi san wen bu ke neng yu xu gou mo guan ,dan zhe chong xu gou you bu neng po huai san wen de ji shi xing yuan ze ,suo yi ta zhi neng shi “da shi xiao xu ”le 。,18,qu cai de an fan xing 。,yu da fu shui “san wen qing dan yi wei ,bing ju bao gua hen an ,ren jian tian shang ,cao mu chong yu ,mo bu ke tan 。”(da fu zi shua ji )lu xun shui ,san wen de “ti cai ying ting ji shi fen zi you shua ze ,feng jing jing wu ,chong yu ,ji yi hua yi xie jun ke 。”(zhi luo qing zhen ,lu xun shu xin P241),ren min wen xue chu ban she 1959nian ban )zhou li bo shui “ju fan guo ji guo nei da shi ,she hui jia ting de xi gu ,xian tian zhi lang ,yi wu zhi wei ,zi ji de yi duan li shi ,yi si gan chu ,yi cuo bei huan ,yi xing ming xiang 。wang ri de qi huang ,jin chao de huan kuai ,dou ke yi yi yu zhi shang ,gong suo dou zhe 。”(san wen te xie shua xu yan )jia wen shui ,san wen “zuo wei yi chong wen ti ,hao chu shen duo 。yi dan zhi lin ,ke yi wei wen 。yi shui zhi bo ,ke yi 。
9、写意。一花之瓣,可以破题。实在自由。”(我的散文观),19,散文作者“触目闻声,随处可感。鲁迅目阅白雪纷飞而抒怀,形成雪的精魂;茅盾见白杨挺拔而命笔,致成白杨礼赞;巴金观朝暾乍涌而心吟,因有海上文学作品概论及散文的日出;吴伯萧忆纺车声韵而挥毫,写下名篇记一辆纺车;杨朔赏茶花绚丽引起创作冲动,留下脍炙人口的茶花赋。总之,一个作者的所见所闻,所知所感,都有可能被取来作为写散文的材料。”(汉基关于散文取材种种)。,20,取材广泛,首先表现在它选择题材可以不分古今,不分中外,不分大小上下,凡能给人以知识、美感,陶冶人的情操的东西都可信手写来,缀成优美的篇什。其次,表现在写作散文时,可以在一个主题的统率下选取不同时间、。9、xie yi 。yi hua zhi ban ,ke yi po ti 。shi zai zi you 。”(wo de san wen guan ),19,san wen zuo zhe “chu mu wen sheng ,sui chu ke gan 。lu xun mu yue bai xue fen fei er shu huai ,xing cheng xue de jing hun ;mao dun jian bai yang ting ba er ming bi ,zhi cheng bai yang li zan ;ba jin guan chao tun zha chong er xin yin ,yin you hai shang wen xue zuo pin gai lun ji san wen de ri chu ;wu bai xiao yi fang che sheng yun er hui hao ,xie xia ming pian ji yi liang fang che ;yang shuo shang cha hua xuan li yin qi chuang zuo chong dong ,liu xia kuai zhi ren kou de cha hua fu 。zong zhi ,yi ge zuo zhe de suo jian suo wen ,suo zhi suo gan ,dou you ke neng bei qu lai zuo wei xie san wen de cai liao 。”(han ji guan yu san wen qu cai chong chong )。,20,qu cai an fan ,shou xian biao xian zai ta shua ze ti cai ke yi bu fen gu jin ,bu fen zhong wai ,bu fen da xiao shang xia ,fan neng gei ren yi zhi shi 、mei gan ,tao ye ren de qing cao de dong xi dou ke xin shou xie lai ,chuo cheng you mei de pian shen 。ji ci ,biao xian zai xie zuo san wen shi ,ke yi zai yi ge zhu ti de tong lv xia shua qu bu tong shi jian 、。
10、空间的材料,十分自由。如秦牧的土地。,21,3.形式的灵活性,结构多种多样表达方式自由灵活。语言运用自如。,22,结构多种多样,首先散文的结构中心多样。既可以用人物为结构中心,如藤野先生;可以用典型的细节为结构中心,朱自清背影;可以用景物为结构中心,郁达夫故都的秋;也可以用某一象征事物作结构中心,如茶花赋。其次,散文的结构形式不拘一格有的按时间发展先后顺序或以空间转移为序组织材料,如小桔灯和从百草园到三味书屋;有的以作者的思想认识和感情变化为序,如张洁挖荠菜和杨朔荔枝蜜;有的以某一思想为统帅,把材料分别组织在几个不同的侧面之内,如土地。,23,表达方式自由灵活,散文可以自由地使用叙。10、kong jian de cai liao ,shi fen zi you 。ru qin mu de tu de 。,21,3.xing shi de ling huo xing ,jie gou duo chong duo yang biao da fang shi zi you ling huo 。yu yan yun yong zi ru 。,22,jie gou duo chong duo yang ,shou xian san wen de jie gou zhong xin duo yang 。ji ke yi yong ren wu wei jie gou zhong xin ,ru teng ye xian sheng ;ke yi yong dian xing de xi jie wei jie gou zhong xin ,zhu zi qing bei ying ;ke yi yong jing wu wei jie gou zhong xin ,yu da fu gu dou de qiu ;ye ke yi yong mou yi xiang zheng shi wu zuo jie gou zhong xin ,ru cha hua fu 。ji ci ,san wen de jie gou xing shi bu ju yi ge you de an shi jian fa zhan xian hou shun xu huo yi kong jian zhuai yi wei xu zu zhi cai liao ,ru xiao jie deng he cong bai cao yuan dao san wei shu wu ;you de yi zuo zhe de sai xiang ren shi he gan qing bian hua wei xu ,ru zhang jie wa ci cai he yang shuo li zhi mi ;you de yi mou yi sai xiang wei tong shuai ,ba cai liao fen bie zu zhi zai ji ge bu tong de ce mian zhi nei ,ru tu de 。,23,biao da fang shi zi you ling huo ,san wen ke yi zi you de shi yong xu 。
11、述、描写等五种最基本的表达方式,也可使用暗示、象征、比兴、联想等手法。记叙散文以叙述、描写和议论;议论散文以议论为主,间用叙述、描写和抒情。,24,语言运用自如,现代散文的语言主要是现代汉语,但有时为了表达的需要,可以借用文言词语和用法,方言俚语、歌谣谚语等语言形式。文言语辞如陶铸松树的风格中“松树的生命力可谓强矣松树要求于人的可谓少矣。”用歌谣谚语的如竺可桢大自然的语言中引用了“阿公阿婆,割麦插禾。”郦道元巫峡中“长江三峡巫峡长,猿鸣三声泪沾裳。”,25,诗意浓郁,真正的散文是充满诗意的,就象苹果饱含果汁一样。毫无诗意的散文是没有生命力的。因此,散文作者努力在生活中寻求诗意,并使自己的。11、shu 、miao xie deng wu chong zui ji ben de biao da fang shi ,ye ke shi yong an shi 、xiang zheng 、bi xing 、lian xiang deng shou fa 。ji xu san wen yi xu shu 、miao xie he yi lun ;yi lun san wen yi yi lun wei zhu ,jian yong xu shu 、miao xie he shu qing 。,24,yu yan yun yong zi ru ,xian dai san wen de yu yan zhu yao shi xian dai han yu ,dan you shi wei le biao da de xu yao ,ke yi jie yong wen yan ci yu he yong fa ,fang yan li yu 、ge yao yan yu deng yu yan xing shi 。wen yan yu ci ru tao zhu song shu de feng ge zhong “song shu de sheng ming li ke wei jiang yi song shu yao qiu yu ren de ke wei shao yi 。”yong ge yao yan yu de ru zhu ke zhen da zi ran de yu yan zhong yin yong le “a gong a po ,ge mai cha he 。”li dao yuan wu xia zhong “chang jiang san xia wu xia chang ,yuan ming san sheng lei zhan chang 。”,25,shi yi nong yu ,zhen zheng de san wen shi chong man shi yi de ,jiu xiang ping guo bao han guo zhi yi yang 。hao mo shi yi de san wen shi mei you sheng ming li de 。yin ci ,san wen zuo zhe nu li zai sheng huo zhong xun qiu shi yi ,bing shi zi ji de 。
12、作品富有诗意。杨朔说“不要从狭义方面来理解诗意两个字,杏花春雨,固然有诗,铁马金戈的英雄气概更富有诗意。你在斗争中,劳动中,生活中时常会有些东西触动你的心,使你激昂,使你欢乐,使你忧愁,使你深思凡是遇到这种动情的事,我就要反复思索,到后来往往形成我文章里的思想意境。”“我在写每篇文章时,总是拿着当诗一样写。”“总要象写诗那样,再三剪裁材料,安排布局,推敲字句。”(东风第一枝小跋,转引自现代散文序跋选P190,百花文艺出版社1983),26,散文的诗意与它是一种长于抒情的文体分不开的,其诗意的浓度同作者感情的深度总是成正比的。a、散文一般采用第一人称,写“我”的所见所闻所感。无论写到什么,其。12、zuo pin fu you shi yi 。yang shuo shui “bu yao cong xia yi fang mian lai li jie shi yi liang ge zi ,xing hua chun yu ,gu ran you shi ,tie ma jin ge de ying xiong qi gai geng fu you shi yi 。ni zai dou zheng zhong ,lao dong zhong ,sheng huo zhong shi chang hui you xie dong xi chu dong ni de xin ,shi ni ji ang ,shi ni huan le ,shi ni you chou ,shi ni shen sai fan shi yu dao zhe chong dong qing de shi ,wo jiu yao fan fu sai suo ,dao hou lai wang wang xing cheng wo wen zhang li de sai xiang yi jing 。”“wo zai xie mei pian wen zhang shi ,zong shi na zhao dang shi yi yang xie 。”“zong yao xiang xie shi na yang ,zai san jian cai cai liao ,an pai bu ju ,tui qiao zi gou 。”(dong feng di yi zhi xiao ba ,zhuai yin zi xian dai san wen xu ba shua P190,bai hua wen yi chu ban she 1983),26,san wen de shi yi yu ta shi yi chong chang yu shu qing de wen ti fen bu kai de ,ji shi yi de nong du tong zuo zhe gan qing de shen du zong shi cheng zheng bi de 。a、san wen yi ban cai yong di yi ren chen ,xie “wo ”de suo jian suo wen suo gan 。mo lun xie dao shen me ,ji 。
13、目的都是为了抒发作者的生活感受和思想见解,带有浓烈的感情色彩,是“作者心灵的歌声”(高尔基)。b、散文有自己特殊的笔调,即所谓散文笔调。散文笔调,首先是语言凝练,优美富有文采;其次是笔法灵活疏放,挥洒自如。,27,语言优美,讲究文采。灵活疏放。注重节奏。,28,讲究文采,常用多种手法,或浓墨重彩、或淡笔轻彩,着力表现事物的“画意”,再现美好的形象。有的散文作家有意识地化常语为奇语,以更好地表现散文的“诗情”和“画意”。如朱自清先生春中开头几句桃树、杏树、梨树,你不让我,我不让你,都开满了花赶趟儿。红的象火,粉的象霞,白的象雪。再如赤壁赋中写箫声一段其声呜呜然,如怨如慕,如泣如诉,余音。13、mu de dou shi wei le shu fa zuo zhe de sheng huo gan shou he sai xiang jian jie ,dai you nong lie de gan qing se cai ,shi “zuo zhe xin ling de ge sheng ”(gao er ji )。b、san wen you zi ji te shu de bi diao ,ji suo wei san wen bi diao 。san wen bi diao ,shou xian shi yu yan ning lian ,you mei fu you wen cai ;ji ci shi bi fa ling huo shu fang ,hui sa zi ru 。,27,yu yan you mei ,jiang jiu wen cai 。ling huo shu fang 。zhu chong jie zou 。,28,jiang jiu wen cai ,chang yong duo chong shou fa ,huo nong mo chong cai 、huo dan bi qing cai ,zhao li biao xian shi wu de “hua yi ”,zai xian mei hao de xing xiang 。you de san wen zuo jia you yi shi de hua chang yu wei ji yu ,yi geng hao de biao xian san wen de “shi qing ”he “hua yi ”。ru zhu zi qing xian sheng chun zhong kai tou ji gou tao shu 、xing shu 、li shu ,ni bu rang wo ,wo bu rang ni ,dou kai man le hua gan tang er 。gong de xiang huo ,fen de xiang xia ,bai de xiang xue 。zai ru chi bi fu zhong xie xiao sheng yi duan ji sheng wu wu ran ,ru yuan ru mu ,ru qi ru su ,yu yin 。
14、袅袅,不绝如缕。舞幽壑之潜蛟,泣孤舟之嫠妇。散文讲究文采,但并非只使用华美的语言,有的散文家使用最平常的语言,写出极美的文章来。即所谓的“家常风”。如魏巍我的老师。,29,灵活疏放,作者可以浮想联翩,随意点染,任情穿插,时而叙,时而议,时而抒情,或将它们水乳交融起来。可谓腾挪翻飞,无不随心应手。,30,注重节奏,句式富于变化,有时骈散相间,平仄相调;有时长短交错,张弛相映,使作品富有音乐美。袁鹰青山翠竹“血雨腥风里,毛竹青了又黄,黄了又青,不向残暴低头,不向敌人弯腰,竹子烧了,还有竹枝;竹枝断了,还有竹鞭;竹鞭砍了,还有深埋于地下的竹根。”,31,(篇幅)短小精悍。,散文一般篇幅短小,层次。14、niao niao ,bu jue ru lv 。wu you he zhi qian jiao ,qi gu zhou zhi li fu 。san wen jiang jiu wen cai ,dan bing fei zhi shi yong hua mei de yu yan ,you de san wen jia shi yong zui ping chang de yu yan ,xie chu ji mei de wen zhang lai 。ji suo wei de “jia chang feng ”。ru wei wei wo de lao shi 。,29,ling huo shu fang ,zuo zhe ke yi fu xiang lian pian ,sui yi dian ran ,ren qing chuan cha ,shi er xu ,shi er yi ,shi er shu qing ,huo jiang ta men shui ru jiao rong qi lai 。ke wei teng nuo fan fei ,mo bu sui xin ying shou 。,30,zhu chong jie zou ,gou shi fu yu bian hua ,you shi pian san xiang jian ,ping ze xiang diao ;you shi chang duan jiao cuo ,zhang chi xiang ying ,shi zuo pin fu you yin le mei 。yuan ying qing shan cui zhu “xie yu xing feng li ,mao zhu qing le you huang ,huang le you qing ,bu xiang can bao di tou ,bu xiang di ren wan yao ,zhu zi shao le ,hai you zhu zhi ;zhu zhi duan le ,hai you zhu bian ;zhu bian kan le ,hai you shen mai yu de xia de zhu gen 。”,31,(pian fu )duan xiao jing han 。,san wen yi ban pian fu duan xiao ,ceng ci 。
15、较少,结构不很复杂,但又具有选材精要,言简意赅,立意深邃的特点。郁达夫“一粒沙里见世界,半瓣花里说人情。”(现代散文序跋选)秦牧说“像苏州的园林,小是小了,然而却境界深邃,天地开阔。(园林扇画散文见笔谈散文),32,四、散文笔法,散文笔法有许多,主要有写意、延伸、指点、兴波,33,写意,写意是指以简练的笔墨传神。常用于叙事和写人。叙事时,常用以虚带实的方法,概括地把事物的特征和精神表现出来,在能反映事物精神的关键处,也常着意重写。如朱自清的背影。写人时,常用粗中带细的方法,寥寥几笔,把人物的精神勾勒出来,如阿长与山海经中有关阿长神态的写照。,34,延伸,延伸就是凭借想象和联想。15、jiao shao ,jie gou bu hen fu za ,dan you ju you shua cai jing yao ,yan jian yi gai ,li yi shen sui de te dian 。yu da fu “yi li sha li jian shi jie ,ban ban hua li shui ren qing 。”(xian dai san wen xu ba shua )qin mu shui “xiang su zhou de yuan lin ,xiao shi xiao le ,ran er que jing jie shen sui ,tian de kai kuo 。(yuan lin shan hua san wen jian bi tan san wen ),32,si 、san wen bi fa ,san wen bi fa you hu duo ,zhu yao you xie yi 、yan shen 、zhi dian 、xing bo ,33,xie yi ,xie yi shi zhi yi jian lian de bi mo chuan shen 。chang yong yu xu shi he xie ren 。xu shi shi ,chang yong yi xu dai shi de fang fa ,gai gua de ba shi wu de te zheng he jing shen biao xian chu lai ,zai neng fan ying shi wu jing shen de guan jian chu ,ye chang zhao yi chong xie 。ru zhu zi qing de bei ying 。xie ren shi ,chang yong cu zhong dai xi de fang fa ,liao liao ji bi ,ba ren wu de jing shen gou le chu lai ,ru a chang yu shan hai jing zhong you guan a chang shen tai de xie zhao 。,34,yan shen ,yan shen jiu shi ping jie xiang xiang he lian xiang 。
16、,围绕某人某事进行多方向的伸展。事实就是前文所讲的联想,主要有纵式延伸、横式延伸、多边延伸和捎带一笔。,35,这种笔法就是捎带一笔。会增添许多“散文味儿”。比如鲁迅的散文父亲的病中,写到那些庸医为父亲开了一些奇怪的药方后,这样写道芦根和经霜三年的甘蔗,他就从来没有用过。最平常的是“蟋蟀一对”,旁注小字道“要原配,即本在一窠中者。”似乎昆虫也要贞节,续弦或再醮,连做药资格也丧失了。似乎是节外生枝,但是这根“枝”,其味特浓,它幽默风趣,把对庸医的嘲讽,表现得淋漓尽致,人们读了非但不会认为是“蛇足”,而且感到它正是文中十分精彩之处。,36,指点,是在行文时用议论的方式把自己的倾向表露出来。在小。16、,wei rao mou ren mou shi jin hang duo fang xiang de shen zhan 。shi shi jiu shi qian wen suo jiang de lian xiang ,zhu yao you zong shi yan shen 、heng shi yan shen 、duo bian yan shen he shao dai yi bi 。,35,zhe chong bi fa jiu shi shao dai yi bi 。hui zeng tian hu duo “san wen wei er ”。bi ru lu xun de san wen fu qin de bing zhong ,xie dao na xie yong yi wei fu qin kai le yi xie ji guai de yao fang hou ,zhe yang xie dao lu gen he jing shuang san nian de gan zhe ,ta jiu cong lai mei you yong guo 。zui ping chang de shi “xi shuai yi dui ”,pang zhu xiao zi dao “yao yuan pei ,ji ben zai yi ke zhong zhe 。”shi hu kun chong ye yao zhen jie ,xu xian huo zai jiao ,lian zuo yao zi ge ye sang shi le 。shi hu shi jie wai sheng zhi ,dan shi zhe gen “zhi ”,ji wei te nong ,ta you mo feng qu ,ba dui yong yi de chao feng ,biao xian de lin li jin zhi ,ren men dou le fei dan bu hui ren wei shi “she zu ”,er ju gan dao ta zheng shi wen zhong shi fen jing cai zhi chu 。,36,zhi dian ,shi zai hang wen shi yong yi lun de fang shi ba zi ji de qing xiang biao lou chu lai 。zai xiao 。
17、说中,作者一般不大直接站出来指点,他的见解和倾向要通过情节和场面自然而然地流露;散文则不同,它允许作者直接站出来表白、亮相。,37,指点的要求,指点要注意火候要含蓄、形象要和写人叙事紧密配合,38,指点要注意火候,指点要出现在三种地方一是从感性到理性的飞跃、升华处。二是在写人叙事中穿插进行,这样既是写人叙事的总结,又是直接抒情述志,还可以调节全文的节奏。如魏巍的谁是最可爱的人中,作者每叙完一个故事,就作一次指点。三是放在篇末指点,这是最常见的方式。,39,要含蓄、形象,指点虽是作者公开向人们亮观点,但也要讲究艺术性,要含蓄形象些,留一点东西让人们自己咀嚼玩味。高尔基海燕(修改之后效。17、shui zhong ,zuo zhe yi ban bu da zhi jie zhan chu lai zhi dian ,ta de jian jie he qing xiang yao tong guo qing jie he chang mian zi ran er ran de liu lou ;san wen ze bu tong ,ta yun hu zuo zhe zhi jie zhan chu lai biao bai 、liang xiang 。,37,zhi dian de yao qiu ,zhi dian yao zhu yi huo hou yao han xu 、xing xiang yao he xie ren xu shi jin mi pei ge ,38,zhi dian yao zhu yi huo hou ,zhi dian yao chu xian zai san chong de fang yi shi cong gan xing dao li xing de fei yue 、sheng hua chu 。er shi zai xie ren xu shi zhong chuan cha jin hang ,zhe yang ji shi xie ren xu shi de zong jie ,you shi zhi jie shu qing shu zhi ,hai ke yi diao jie quan wen de jie zou 。ru wei wei de shei shi zui ke ai de ren zhong ,zuo zhe mei xu wan yi ge gu shi ,jiu zuo yi ci zhi dian 。san shi fang zai pian mo zhi dian ,zhe shi zui chang jian de fang shi 。,39,yao han xu 、xing xiang ,zhi dian sui shi zuo zhe gong kai xiang ren men liang guan dian ,dan ye yao jiang jiu yi shu xing ,yao han xu xing xiang xie ,liu yi dian dong xi rang ren men zi ji ju jiao wan wei 。gao er ji hai yan (xiu gai zhi hou xiao 。
18、果如何)“让暴风雨来得更猛烈些吧”“让革命浪潮来得更猛烈些吧”,40,要和写人叙事紧密配合,指点的文字不能脱离写人叙事。它和写人叙事要鱼水相依,紧密交融,应该从写人叙事中概括出来。同写人叙事没有内在联系的指点,再形象、再含蓄、再富于哲理,也是苍白无力的。,41,指点的方式,公开指点暗中指点反复指点,42,公开指点,就是运用明确的语言直接明白地将作者的意见和却向表现出来的指点方式。方志敏清贫,写完自己被国民党士兵搜身抄不到钱后,在篇末这样指点说“清贫,洁白朴素的生活,正是我们革命者能够战胜许多困难的方”用的就是公开指点。,43,暗中指点,就是通过曲笔和间接的手段含而不露来表达的指点。。18、guo ru he )“rang bao feng yu lai de geng meng lie xie ba ”“rang ge ming lang chao lai de geng meng lie xie ba ”,40,yao he xie ren xu shi jin mi pei ge ,zhi dian de wen zi bu neng tuo li xie ren xu shi 。ta he xie ren xu shi yao yu shui xiang yi ,jin mi jiao rong ,ying gai cong xie ren xu shi zhong gai gua chu lai 。tong xie ren xu shi mei you nei zai lian ji de zhi dian ,zai xing xiang 、zai han xu 、zai fu yu zhe li ,ye shi cang bai mo li de 。,41,zhi dian de fang shi ,gong kai zhi dian an zhong zhi dian fan fu zhi dian ,42,gong kai zhi dian ,jiu shi yun yong ming que de yu yan zhi jie ming bai de jiang zuo zhe de yi jian he que xiang biao xian chu lai de zhi dian fang shi 。fang zhi min qing pin ,xie wan zi ji bei guo min dang shi bing sou shen chao bu dao qian hou ,zai pian mo zhe yang zhi dian shui “qing pin ,jie bai piao su de sheng huo ,zheng shi wo men ge ming zhe neng gou zhan sheng hu duo kun nan de fang ”yong de jiu shi gong kai zhi dian 。,43,an zhong zhi dian ,jiu shi tong guo qu bi he jian jie de shou duan han er bu lou lai biao da de zhi dian 。。
19、它或用象征的词语来表达,如苏联柯罗连科的火光中的指点“火光啊毕竟毕竟就在前头”;或借文中寓意物来指点,如李天芳的打碗碗花中的指点。,44,反复指点,如茅盾的白杨礼赞中,“白杨树是在不是平凡的”这一指点语反复出现过四次。,45,4.兴波,“急转弯”式兴波写人叙事时,故意顺着某个方向发展下去,层层递进,不断加码,直到推向定点,尔后笔锋陡转,来一个一百八十度的急转弯,激起波澜,把读者带到一个崭新的境界。杨朔的泰山极顶、香山红叶等篇章,都成功地使用了这种手法。,46,情变兴波,人们对人、事、物的感情是常常处在变化之中的,作者根据感情上的变化巧妙兴波的手法就叫情变兴波。例如苏轼的赤壁赋和杨朔的荔枝蜜。,47,抑扬兴波,欲扬先抑,欲抑先扬,抑抑扬扬,使文章跌宕起伏的兴波方式。如唐涛琐忆,开始故意用抑笔,写自己未和鲁迅相识前,怎么相信人们对鲁迅的议论,什么“鲁迅多疑”哟,什么“鲁迅脾气大,爱骂人,如何睚眦必报”哟,等等。继而,作者着力扬,写鲁迅的平易近人,关心青年等美德。在这一抑一扬中,使文章波澜顿起。,48,借议论兴波,这种兴波,常常借助议论点化完成。它一般是通过从感性到理性突变的描写中,凭借议论,点化出一些令人惊叹的不凡的东西,以此激起富有哲理的波澜,冲击读者的心灵,感染读者。例如王安石的游褒禅山记。,49,。19、ta huo yong xiang zheng de ci yu lai biao da ,ru su lian ke luo lian ke de huo guang zhong de zhi dian “huo guang a bi jing bi jing jiu zai qian tou ”;huo jie wen zhong yu yi wu lai zhi dian ,ru li tian fang de da wan wan hua zhong de zhi dian 。,44,fan fu zhi dian ,ru mao dun de bai yang li zan zhong ,“bai yang shu shi zai bu shi ping fan de ”zhe yi zhi dian yu fan fu chu xian guo si ci 。,45,4.xing bo ,“ji zhuai wan ”shi xing bo xie ren xu shi shi ,gu yi shun zhao mou ge fang xiang fa zhan xia qu ,ceng ceng di jin ,bu duan jia ma ,zhi dao tui xiang ding dian ,er hou bi feng dou zhuai ,lai yi ge yi bai ba shi du de ji zhuai wan ,ji qi bo lan ,ba dou zhe dai dao yi ge chan xin de jing jie 。yang shuo de tai shan ji ding 、xiang shan gong xie deng pian zhang ,dou cheng gong de shi yong le zhe chong shou fa 。,46,qing bian xing bo ,ren men dui ren 、shi 、wu de gan qing shi chang chang chu zai bian hua zhi zhong de ,zuo zhe gen ju gan qing shang de bian hua qiao miao xing bo de shou fa jiu jiao qing bian xing bo 。li ru su shi de chi bi fu he yang shuo de li zhi mi 。,47,yi yang xing bo ,yu yang xian yi ,yu yi xian yang ,yi yi yang yang ,shi wen zhang die dang qi fu de xing bo fang shi 。ru tang tao suo yi ,kai shi gu yi yong yi bi ,xie zi ji wei he lu xun xiang shi qian ,zen me xiang xin ren men dui lu xun de yi lun ,shen me “lu xun duo yi ”yo ,shen me “lu xun pi qi da ,ai ma ren ,ru he ya zi bi bao ”yo ,deng deng 。ji er ,zuo zhe zhao li yang ,xie lu xun de ping yi jin ren ,guan xin qing nian deng mei de 。zai zhe yi yi yi yang zhong ,shi wen zhang bo lan du qi 。,48,jie yi lun xing bo ,zhe chong xing bo ,chang chang jie zhu yi lun dian hua wan cheng 。ta yi ban shi tong guo cong gan xing dao li xing tu bian de miao xie zhong ,ping jie yi lun ,dian hua chu yi xie ling ren jing tan de bu fan de dong xi ,yi ci ji qi fu you zhe li de bo lan ,chong ji dou zhe de xin ling ,gan ran dou zhe 。li ru wang an dan de you bao chan shan ji 。,49,。
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