秋兴八首 |
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[唐] 杜甫 | [tang ] du fu |
玉露凋伤枫树林,巫山巫峡气萧森。江间波浪兼天涌,塞上风云接地阴。丛菊两开他日泪,孤舟一系故园心。寒衣处处催刀尺,白帝城高急暮砧。夔府孤城落日斜,每依北斗望京华。听猿实下三声泪,奉使虚随八月查。画省香炉违伏枕,山楼粉堞隐悲笳。请看石上藤萝月,已映洲前芦荻花。千家山郭静朝晖,一日江楼坐翠微。信宿渔人还泛泛,清秋燕子故飞飞。匡衡抗疏功名薄,刘向传经心事违。同学少年多不贱,五陵衣马自轻肥。闻道长安似弈棋,百年世事不胜悲。王侯第宅皆新主,文武衣冠异昔时。直北关山金鼓振,征西车马羽书迟。鱼龙寂寞秋江冷,故国平居有所思。蓬莱宫阙对南山,承露金茎霄汉间。西望瑶池降王母,东来紫气满函关。云移雉尾开宫扇,日绕龙鳞识圣颜。一卧沧江惊岁晚,几回青琐照朝班。瞿唐峡口曲江头,万里风烟接素秋。花萼夹城通御气,芙蓉小苑入边愁。朱帘绣柱围黄鹤,锦缆牙樯起白鸥。回首可怜歌舞地,秦中自古帝王州。昆明池水汉时功,武帝旌旗在眼中。织女机丝虚月夜,石鲸鳞甲动秋风。波漂菰米沈云黑,露冷莲房坠粉红。关塞极天唯鸟道,江湖满地一渔翁。昆吾御宿自逶迤,紫阁峰阴入渼陂。香稻啄馀鹦鹉粒,碧梧栖老凤凰枝。佳人拾翠春相问,仙侣同舟晚更移。彩笔昔游干气象,白头吟望苦低垂。 | yu lou diao shang feng shu lin ,wu shan wu xia qi xiao sen 。jiang jian bo lang jian tian chong ,sai shang feng yun jie de yin 。cong ju liang kai ta ri lei ,gu zhou yi ji gu yuan xin 。han yi chu chu cui dao che ,bai di cheng gao ji mu zhen 。kui fu gu cheng la ri xie ,mei yi bei dou wang jing hua 。ting yuan shi xia san sheng lei ,feng shi xu sui ba yue cha 。hua sheng xiang lu wei fu zhen ,shan lou fen die yin bei jia 。qing kan dan shang teng luo yue ,yi ying zhou qian lu di hua 。qian jia shan guo jing chao hui ,yi ri jiang lou zuo cui wei 。xin su yu ren hai fan fan ,qing qiu yan zi gu fei fei 。kuang heng kang shu gong ming bao ,liu xiang chuan jing xin shi wei 。tong xue shao nian duo bu jian ,wu ling yi ma zi qing fei 。wen dao chang an shi yi qi ,bai nian shi shi bu sheng bei 。wang hou di zhai jie xin zhu ,wen wu yi guan yi xi shi 。zhi bei guan shan jin gu zhen ,zheng xi che ma yu shu chi 。yu long ji mo qiu jiang leng ,gu guo ping ju you suo sai 。peng lai gong que dui na shan ,cheng lou jin jing xiao han jian 。xi wang yao chi jiang wang mu ,dong lai zi qi man han guan 。yun yi zhi wei kai gong shan ,ri rao long lin shi sheng yan 。yi wo cang jiang jing sui wan ,ji hui qing suo zhao chao ban 。ju tang xia kou qu jiang tou ,mo li feng yan jie su qiu 。hua e ga cheng tong yu qi ,fu rong xiao yuan ru bian chou 。zhu lian xiu zhu wei huang he ,jin lan ya qiang qi bai ou 。hui shou ke lian ge wu de ,qin zhong zi gu di wang zhou 。kun ming chi shui han shi gong ,wu di jing qi zai yan zhong 。zhi nv ji si xu yue ye ,dan jing lin jia dong qiu feng 。bo piao gu mi shen yun hei ,lou leng lian fang zhui fen gong 。guan sai ji tian wei diao dao ,jiang hu man de yi yu weng 。kun wu yu su zi wei yi ,zi ge feng yin ru mei bei 。xiang dao zhuo yu ying wu li ,bi wu qi lao feng huang zhi 。jia ren she cui chun xiang wen ,xian lv tong zhou wan geng yi 。cai bi xi you gan qi xiang ,bai tou yin wang ku di chui 。 |
分类标签: | fen lei biao qian : |
描写秋天 | miao xie qiu tian |
思念诗 | sai nian shi |
忧国忧民 | you guo you min |
作品赏析 | zuo pin shang xi |
其一: | ji yi : |
[注释](1)秋兴:秋日感兴。(2)玉露:指霜。(3)巫山巫峡:这两处均在今四川省巫山县。(4)江间:指巫峡。兼:连。(5)两开:两次开放。他日:往日。(6)一系:长系。(7)刀尺:指作衣裳的工具。(8)白帝城:在今四川省奉节县。砧:捣衣石。 | [zhu shi ](1)qiu xing :qiu ri gan xing 。(2)yu lou :zhi shuang 。(3)wu shan wu xia :zhe liang chu jun zai jin si chuan sheng wu shan xian 。(4)jiang jian :zhi wu xia 。jian :lian 。(5)liang kai :liang ci kai fang 。ta ri :wang ri 。(6)yi ji :chang ji 。(7)dao che :zhi zuo yi chang de gong ju 。(8)bai di cheng :zai jin si chuan sheng feng jie xian 。zhen :dao yi dan 。 |
[译文]秋天来了,霜降枫林,枫叶凋零败落,巫山、巫峡一带萧瑟阴森。峡中的江水波浪滔天,好像连天也一起涌过来似的,大概是边塞干戈’扰攘接着了地上的阴气吧。两度菊开,自己仍然漂泊在他乡,不禁伤感落泪,孤独的小舟,还长系着怀念故园的一颗心啊!天渐渐冷了,处处有人移动刀尺在赶制过冬的寒衣,晚上从白帝城的高处传来急促的捣衣裳的砧杵声。 | [yi wen ]qiu tian lai le ,shuang jiang feng lin ,feng xie diao ling bai la ,wu shan 、wu xia yi dai xiao se yin sen 。xia zhong de jiang shui bo lang tao tian ,hao xiang lian tian ye yi qi chong guo lai shi de ,da gai shi bian sai gan ge ’rao rang jie zhao le de shang de yin qi ba 。liang du ju kai ,zi ji reng ran piao bo zai ta xiang ,bu jin shang gan la lei ,gu du de xiao zhou ,hai chang ji zhao huai nian gu yuan de yi ke xin a !tian jian jian leng le ,chu chu you ren yi dong dao che zai gan zhi guo dong de han yi ,wan shang cong bai di cheng de gao chu chuan lai ji cu de dao yi chang de zhen chu sheng 。 |
其三: | ji san : |
[注释](1)翠微:青的山。(2)信宿:再宿。(3)匡衡:字雅圭,汉朝人。抗疏:指臣子对于君命或廷议有所抵制,上疏极谏。(4)刘向:字子政,汉朝经学家。(5)轻肥:即轻裘肥马。 | [zhu shi ](1)cui wei :qing de shan 。(2)xin su :zai su 。(3)kuang heng :zi ya gui ,han chao ren 。kang shu :zhi chen zi dui yu jun ming huo ting yi you suo di zhi ,shang shu ji jian 。(4)liu xiang :zi zi zheng ,han chao jing xue jia 。(5)qing fei :ji qing qiu fei ma 。 |
[译文]白帝城里千家万户静静地沐浴在秋日的朝晖中,我天天去江边的楼上,坐着看对面青翠的山峰。连续两夜在船上过夜的渔人,仍泛着小舟在江中漂流,虽已是清秋季节,燕子仍然展翅飞来飞去,汉朝的匡衡向皇帝直谏,他把功名看得很淡薄,刘向传授经学,怎奈事不遂心。古人尚且如此,我更是不必说了,年少时一起求学的同学大都已飞黄腾达了,他们在长安附近的五陵,穿轻裘,乘肥马,过着富贵的生活。 | [yi wen ]bai di cheng li qian jia mo hu jing jing de mu yu zai qiu ri de chao hui zhong ,wo tian tian qu jiang bian de lou shang ,zuo zhao kan dui mian qing cui de shan feng 。lian xu liang ye zai chuan shang guo ye de yu ren ,reng fan zhao xiao zhou zai jiang zhong piao liu ,sui yi shi qing qiu ji jie ,yan zi reng ran zhan chi fei lai fei qu ,han chao de kuang heng xiang huang di zhi jian ,ta ba gong ming kan de hen dan bao ,liu xiang chuan shou jing xue ,zen nai shi bu sui xin 。gu ren shang ju ru ci ,wo geng shi bu bi shui le ,nian shao shi yi qi qiu xue de tong xue da dou yi fei huang teng da le ,ta men zai chang an fu jin de wu ling ,chuan qing qiu ,cheng fei ma ,guo zhao fu gui de sheng huo 。 |
其五: | ji wu : |
[注释](1)蓬莱:宫殿名。南山:终南山。(2)承露:即承露盘。金茎:铜柱。(3)雉尾:指用雉(野鸡)尾羽制成的供皇帝上朝时用以障面的羽扇。 | [zhu shi ](1)peng lai :gong dian ming 。na shan :zhong na shan 。(2)cheng lou :ji cheng lou pan 。jin jing :tong zhu 。(3)zhi wei :zhi yong zhi (ye ji )wei yu zhi cheng de gong huang di shang chao shi yong yi zhang mian de yu shan 。 |
[译文]蓬莱宫正对着巍峨的终南山,承露盘内的金柱高高地耸立在云霄间。西望瑶池,怀疑是王母降落人间,从东边来的祥瑞紫气充满了函谷关。皇上临朝,用以障面的雉尾羽扇慢慢移开,日光照射在皇上穿的绣有龙鳞的衣服上,闪闪发光,我有幸看见了圣上的容颜。自己卧病沧江,一觉醒来,惊奇地发现已经暮年岁晚,几次回想到青琐宫门,也曾点过朝班啊! | [yi wen ]peng lai gong zheng dui zhao wei e de zhong na shan ,cheng lou pan nei de jin zhu gao gao de song li zai yun xiao jian 。xi wang yao chi ,huai yi shi wang mu jiang la ren jian ,cong dong bian lai de xiang rui zi qi chong man le han gu guan 。huang shang lin chao ,yong yi zhang mian de zhi wei yu shan man man yi kai ,ri guang zhao she zai huang shang chuan de xiu you long lin de yi fu shang ,shan shan fa guang ,wo you xing kan jian le sheng shang de rong yan 。zi ji wo bing cang jiang ,yi jiao xing lai ,jing ji de fa xian yi jing mu nian sui wan ,ji ci hui xiang dao qing suo gong men ,ye ceng dian guo chao ban a ! |
其七: | ji qi : |
[注释](1)昆明池:汉时所开,武帝演练水战之处。(2)织女:指石刻的织女。需夜月:空对夜月。(3)石鲸:石头凿的鲸鱼。(4)菰米:又叫菰菜,即菱白。(5)莲房:莲蓬。坠粉红:指荷花凋谢。(6)鸟道:鸟飞之道,形容道路险要难行。 | [zhu shi ](1)kun ming chi :han shi suo kai ,wu di yan lian shui zhan zhi chu 。(2)zhi nv :zhi dan ke de zhi nv 。xu ye yue :kong dui ye yue 。(3)dan jing :dan tou zao de jing yu 。(4)gu mi :you jiao gu cai ,ji ling bai 。(5)lian fang :lian peng 。zhui fen gong :zhi he hua diao xie 。(6)diao dao :diao fei zhi dao ,xing rong dao lu xian yao nan hang 。 |
[译文]见了昆明池的水,就想起汉朝立下的功劳,武帝军队的旌旗仿佛出现在我眼前。池边石刻的织女不能织布,空对着夜月,石刻的鲸鱼似乎在秋风中舞动着鳞甲。菰米漂浮在水面上,沉沉的一片,如天上一片黑云,球露之下的莲蓬颤抖着,荷花早已凋谢。关塞上烽火连天,路途不通,惟有偏僻的小路可走,江湖满地之广,一身飘泊无依,如同泛舟于江上的渔翁。 | [yi wen ]jian le kun ming chi de shui ,jiu xiang qi han chao li xia de gong lao ,wu di jun dui de jing qi fang fo chu xian zai wo yan qian 。chi bian dan ke de zhi nv bu neng zhi bu ,kong dui zhao ye yue ,dan ke de jing yu shi hu zai qiu feng zhong wu dong zhao lin jia 。gu mi piao fu zai shui mian shang ,chen chen de yi pian ,ru tian shang yi pian hei yun ,qiu lou zhi xia de lian peng chan dou zhao ,he hua zao yi diao xie 。guan sai shang feng huo lian tian ,lu tu bu tong ,wei you pian pi de xiao lu ke zou ,jiang hu man de zhi an ,yi shen piao bo mo yi ,ru tong fan zhou yu jiang shang de yu weng 。 |
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《秋兴》八首是大历元年(766)杜甫五十五岁旅居夔州时的作品。它是八首蝉联、结构严密、抒情深挚的一组七言律诗,体现了诗人晚年的思想感情和艺术成就。 | 《qiu xing 》ba shou shi da li yuan nian (766)du fu wu shi wu sui lv ju kui zhou shi de zuo pin 。ta shi ba shou chan lian 、jie gou yan mi 、shu qing shen zhi de yi zu qi yan lv shi ,ti xian le shi ren wan nian de sai xiang gan qing he yi shu cheng jiu 。 |
持续八年的安史之乱,至广德元年(763)始告结束,而吐蕃、回纥乘虚而入,藩镇拥兵割据,战乱时起,唐王朝难以复兴了。此时,严武去世,杜甫在成都生活失去凭依,遂沿江东下,滞留夔州。诗人晚年多病,知交零落,壮志难酬,心境是非常寂寞、抑郁的。《秋兴》这组诗,融铸了夔州萧条的秋色,清凄的秋声,暮年多病的苦况,关心国家命运的深情,悲壮苍凉,意境深闳。 | chi xu ba nian de an shi zhi luan ,zhi an de yuan nian (763)shi gao jie shu ,er tu fan 、hui ge cheng xu er ru ,fan zhen yong bing ge ju ,zhan luan shi qi ,tang wang chao nan yi fu xing le 。ci shi ,yan wu qu shi ,du fu zai cheng dou sheng huo shi qu ping yi ,sui yan jiang dong xia ,zhi liu kui zhou 。shi ren wan nian duo bing ,zhi jiao ling la ,zhuang zhi nan chou ,xin jing shi fei chang ji mo 、yi yu de 。《qiu xing 》zhe zu shi ,rong zhu le kui zhou xiao tiao de qiu se ,qing qi de qiu sheng ,mu nian duo bing de ku kuang ,guan xin guo jia ming yun de shen qing ,bei zhuang cang liang ,yi jing shen hong 。 |
这组诗,前人评论较多,其中以王嗣奭《杜臆》的意见最为妥切。他说:“秋兴八首,以第一首起兴,而后七首俱发中怀;或承上,或起下,或互相发,或遥相应,总是一篇文字……”可见八首诗,章法缜密严整,脉络分明,不宜拆开,亦不可颠倒。从整体看,从诗人身在的夔州,联想到长安;由暮年飘零,羁旅江上,面对满目萧条景色而引起国家盛衰及个人身世的感叹;以对长安盛世胜事的追忆而归结到诗人现实的孤寂处境、今昔对比的哀愁。这种忧思不能看作是杜甫一时一地的偶然触发,而是自经丧乱以来,他忧国伤时感情的集中表现。目睹国家残破,而不能有所作为,其中曲折,诗人不忍明言,也不能尽言。这就是他所以望长安,写长安,婉转低回,反复慨叹的道理。 | zhe zu shi ,qian ren ping lun jiao duo ,ji zhong yi wang si shi 《du yi 》de yi jian zui wei tuo qie 。ta shui :“qiu xing ba shou ,yi di yi shou qi xing ,er hou qi shou ju fa zhong huai ;huo cheng shang ,huo qi xia ,huo hu xiang fa ,huo yao xiang ying ,zong shi yi pian wen zi ……”ke jian ba shou shi ,zhang fa zhen mi yan zheng ,mai lao fen ming ,bu yi ca kai ,yi bu ke dian dao 。cong zheng ti kan ,cong shi ren shen zai de kui zhou ,lian xiang dao chang an ;you mu nian piao ling ,ji lv jiang shang ,mian dui man mu xiao tiao jing se er yin qi guo jia cheng cui ji ge ren shen shi de gan tan ;yi dui chang an cheng shi sheng shi de zhui yi er gui jie dao shi ren xian shi de gu ji chu jing 、jin xi dui bi de ai chou 。zhe chong you sai bu neng kan zuo shi du fu yi shi yi de de ou ran chu fa ,er shi zi jing sang luan yi lai ,ta you guo shang shi gan qing de ji zhong biao xian 。mu du guo jia can po ,er bu neng you suo zuo wei ,ji zhong qu she ,shi ren bu ren ming yan ,ye bu neng jin yan 。zhe jiu shi ta suo yi wang chang an ,xie chang an ,wan zhuai di hui ,fan fu kai tan de dao li 。 |
为理解这组诗的结构,须对其内容先略作说明。第一首是组诗的序曲,通过对巫山巫峡的秋色秋声的形象描绘,烘托出阴沉萧森、动荡不安的环境气氛,令人感到秋色秋声扑面惊心,抒发了诗人忧国之情和孤独抑郁之感。这一首开门见山,抒情写景,波澜壮阔,感情强烈。诗意落实在“丛菊两开他日泪,孤舟一系故园心”两句上,下启第二、三首。第二首写诗人身在孤城,从落日的黄昏坐到深宵,翘首北望,长夜不寐,上应第一首。最后两句,侧重写自己已近暮年,兵戈不息,卧病秋江的寂寞,以及身在剑南,心怀渭北,“每依北斗望京华”,表现出对长安的强烈怀念。第三首写晨曦中的夔府,是第二首的延伸。诗人日日独坐江楼,秋气清明,江色宁静,而这种宁静给作者带来的却是烦扰不安。面临种种矛盾,深深感叹自己一生的事与愿违。第四首是组诗的前后过渡。前三首诗的忧郁不安步步紧逼,至此才揭示它们的中心内容,接触到“每依北斗望京华”的核心:长安象“弈棋”一样彼争此夺,反复不定。人事的更变,纲纪的崩坏,以及回纥、吐蕃的连年进犯,这一切使诗人深感国运大非昔比。对杜甫说来,长安不是个抽象的地理概念,他在这唐代的政治中心住过整整十年,深深印在心上的有依恋,有爱慕,有欢笑,也有到处“潜悲辛”的苦闷。当此国家残破、秋江清冷、个人孤独之际,所熟悉的长安景象,一一浮现眼前。“故国平居有所思”一句挑出以下四首。第五首,描绘长安宫殿的巍峨壮丽,早朝场面的庄严肃穆,以及自己曾得“识圣颜”至今引为欣慰的回忆。值此沧江病卧,岁晚秋深,更加触动他的忧国之情。第六首怀想昔日帝王歌舞游宴之地曲江的繁华。帝王佚乐游宴引来了无穷的“边愁”,清歌曼舞,断送了“自古帝王州”,在无限惋惜之中,隐含斥责之意。第七首忆及长安的昆明池,展示唐朝当年国力昌盛、景物壮丽和物产富饶的盛景。第八首表现了诗人当年在昆吾、御宿、渼陂春日郊游的诗意豪情。“彩笔昔曾干气象”,更是深刻难忘的印象。 | wei li jie zhe zu shi de jie gou ,xu dui ji nei rong xian lve zuo shui ming 。di yi shou shi zu shi de xu qu ,tong guo dui wu shan wu xia de qiu se qiu sheng de xing xiang miao hui ,hong tuo chu yin chen xiao sen 、dong dang bu an de huan jing qi fen ,ling ren gan dao qiu se qiu sheng pu mian jing xin ,shu fa le shi ren you guo zhi qing he gu du yi yu zhi gan 。zhe yi shou kai men jian shan ,shu qing xie jing ,bo lan zhuang kuo ,gan qing jiang lie 。shi yi la shi zai “cong ju liang kai ta ri lei ,gu zhou yi ji gu yuan xin ”liang gou shang ,xia qi di er 、san shou 。di er shou xie shi ren shen zai gu cheng ,cong la ri de huang hun zuo dao shen xiao ,qiao shou bei wang ,chang ye bu mei ,shang ying di yi shou 。zui hou liang gou ,ce chong xie zi ji yi jin mu nian ,bing ge bu xi ,wo bing qiu jiang de ji mo ,yi ji shen zai jian na ,xin huai wei bei ,“mei yi bei dou wang jing hua ”,biao xian chu dui chang an de jiang lie huai nian 。di san shou xie chen xi zhong de kui fu ,shi di er shou de yan shen 。shi ren ri ri du zuo jiang lou ,qiu qi qing ming ,jiang se ning jing ,er zhe chong ning jing gei zuo zhe dai lai de que shi fan rao bu an 。mian lin chong chong mao dun ,shen shen gan tan zi ji yi sheng de shi yu yuan wei 。di si shou shi zu shi de qian hou guo du 。qian san shou shi de you yu bu an bu bu jin bi ,zhi ci cai jie shi ta men de zhong xin nei rong ,jie chu dao “mei yi bei dou wang jing hua ”de he xin :chang an xiang “yi qi ”yi yang bi zheng ci duo ,fan fu bu ding 。ren shi de geng bian ,gang ji de beng huai ,yi ji hui ge 、tu fan de lian nian jin fan ,zhe yi qie shi shi ren shen gan guo yun da fei xi bi 。dui du fu shui lai ,chang an bu shi ge chou xiang de de li gai nian ,ta zai zhe tang dai de zheng zhi zhong xin zhu guo zheng zheng shi nian ,shen shen yin zai xin shang de you yi lian ,you ai mu ,you huan xiao ,ye you dao chu “qian bei xin ”de ku men 。dang ci guo jia can po 、qiu jiang qing leng 、ge ren gu du zhi ji ,suo shou xi de chang an jing xiang ,yi yi fu xian yan qian 。“gu guo ping ju you suo sai ”yi gou tiao chu yi xia si shou 。di wu shou ,miao hui chang an gong dian de wei e zhuang li ,zao chao chang mian de zhuang yan su mu ,yi ji zi ji ceng de “shi sheng yan ”zhi jin yin wei xin wei de hui yi 。zhi ci cang jiang bing wo ,sui wan qiu shen ,geng jia chu dong ta de you guo zhi qing 。di liu shou huai xiang xi ri di wang ge wu you yan zhi de qu jiang de fan hua 。di wang yi le you yan yin lai le mo qiong de “bian chou ”,qing ge man wu ,duan song le “zi gu di wang zhou ”,zai mo xian wan xi zhi zhong ,yin han chi ze zhi yi 。di qi shou yi ji chang an de kun ming chi ,zhan shi tang chao dang nian guo li chang cheng 、jing wu zhuang li he wu chan fu rao de cheng jing 。di ba shou biao xian le shi ren dang nian zai kun wu 、yu su 、mei bei chun ri jiao you de shi yi hao qing 。“cai bi xi ceng gan qi xiang ”,geng shi shen ke nan wang de yin xiang 。 |
八首诗是不可分割的整体,正如一个大型抒情乐曲有八个乐章一样。这个抒情曲以忧念国家兴衰的爱国思想为主题,以夔府的秋日萧瑟,诗人的暮年多病、身世飘零,特别是关切祖国安危的沉重心情作为基调。其间穿插有轻快欢乐的抒情,如“佳人拾翠春相问,仙侣同舟晚更移”;有壮丽飞动、充满豪情的描绘,如对长安宫阙、昆明池水的追述;有表现慷慨悲愤情绪的,如“同学少年多不贱,五陵衣马自轻肥”;有极为沉郁低回的咏叹,如“关塞极天惟鸟道,江湖满地一渔翁”、“白头吟望苦低垂”等。就以表现诗人孤独和不安的情绪而言,其色调也不尽相同。“江间波浪兼天涌,塞上风云接地阴”,以豪迈、宏阔写哀愁;“信宿渔人还泛泛,清秋燕子故飞飞”,以清丽、宁静写“剪不断、理还乱”的不平静的心绪。总之,八首中的每一首都以自己独特的表现手法,从不同的角度表现基调的思想情绪。它们每一首在八首中又是互相支撑,构成了整体。这样不仅使整个抒情曲错综、丰富,而且抑扬顿挫,有开有阖,突出地表现了主题。王船山对此说:“八首如正变七音旋相为宫而自成一章,或为割裂,则神态尽失矣。”(《船山遗书·唐诗评选》卷四) | ba shou shi shi bu ke fen ge de zheng ti ,zheng ru yi ge da xing shu qing le qu you ba ge le zhang yi yang 。zhe ge shu qing qu yi you nian guo jia xing cui de ai guo sai xiang wei zhu ti ,yi kui fu de qiu ri xiao se ,shi ren de mu nian duo bing 、shen shi piao ling ,te bie shi guan qie zu guo an wei de chen chong xin qing zuo wei ji diao 。ji jian chuan cha you qing kuai huan le de shu qing ,ru “jia ren she cui chun xiang wen ,xian lv tong zhou wan geng yi ”;you zhuang li fei dong 、chong man hao qing de miao hui ,ru dui chang an gong que 、kun ming chi shui de zhui shu ;you biao xian kang kai bei fen qing xu de ,ru “tong xue shao nian duo bu jian ,wu ling yi ma zi qing fei ”;you ji wei chen yu di hui de yong tan ,ru “guan sai ji tian wei diao dao ,jiang hu man de yi yu weng ”、“bai tou yin wang ku di chui ”deng 。jiu yi biao xian shi ren gu du he bu an de qing xu er yan ,ji se diao ye bu jin xiang tong 。“jiang jian bo lang jian tian chong ,sai shang feng yun jie de yin ”,yi hao mai 、hong kuo xie ai chou ;“xin su yu ren hai fan fan ,qing qiu yan zi gu fei fei ”,yi qing li 、ning jing xie “jian bu duan 、li hai luan ”de bu ping jing de xin xu 。zong zhi ,ba shou zhong de mei yi shou dou yi zi ji du te de biao xian shou fa ,cong bu tong de jiao du biao xian ji diao de sai xiang qing xu 。ta men mei yi shou zai ba shou zhong you shi hu xiang zhi cheng ,gou cheng le zheng ti 。zhe yang bu jin shi zheng ge shu qing qu cuo zeng 、feng fu ,er ju yi yang du cuo ,you kai you he ,tu chu de biao xian le zhu ti 。wang chuan shan dui ci shui :“ba shou ru zheng bian qi yin xuan xiang wei gong er zi cheng yi zhang ,huo wei ge lie ,ze shen tai jin shi yi 。”(《chuan shan wei shu ·tang shi ping shua 》juan si ) |
《秋兴》八首中,杜甫除采用强烈的对比手法外,反复运用了循环往复的抒情方式,把读者引入诗的境界中去。组诗的纲目是由夔府望长安──“每依北斗望京华”。组诗的枢纽是“瞿塘峡口曲江头,万里风烟接素秋”。从瞿塘峡口到曲江头,相去遥远,诗中以“接”字,把客蜀望京,抚今追昔,忧邦国安危……种种复杂感情交织成一个深厚壮阔的艺术境界。第一首从眼前丛菊的开放联系到“故园”。追忆“故园”的沉思又被白帝城黄昏的四处砧声所打断。这中间有从夔府到长安,又从长安回到夔府的往复。第二首,由夔府孤城按着北斗星的方位遥望长安,听峡中猿啼,想到“画省香炉”。这是两次往复。联翩的回忆,又被夔府古城的悲笳所唤醒。这是第三次往复。第三首虽然主要在抒发悒郁不平,但诗中有“五陵衣马自轻肥”,仍然有夔府到长安的往复。第四、五首,一写长安十数年来的动乱,一写长安宫阙之盛况,都是先从对长安的回忆开始,在最后两句回到夔府。第六首,从瞿塘峡口到曲江头,从目前的万里风烟,想到过去的歌舞繁华。第七首怀想昆明池水盛唐武功,回到目前“关塞极天惟鸟道”的冷落。第八首,从长安的“昆吾……”回到“白头吟望”的现实,都是往复。循环往复是《秋兴》的基本表现方式,也是它的特色。不论从夔府写到长安,还是从追忆长安而归结到夔府,从不同的角度,层层加深,不仅毫无重复之感,还起了加深感情,增强艺术感染力的作用,真可以说是“毫发无遗憾,波澜独老成”(《赠郑谏议十韵》)了。 | 《qiu xing 》ba shou zhong ,du fu chu cai yong jiang lie de dui bi shou fa wai ,fan fu yun yong le xun huan wang fu de shu qing fang shi ,ba dou zhe yin ru shi de jing jie zhong qu 。zu shi de gang mu shi you kui fu wang chang an ──“mei yi bei dou wang jing hua ”。zu shi de shu niu shi “ju tang xia kou qu jiang tou ,mo li feng yan jie su qiu ”。cong ju tang xia kou dao qu jiang tou ,xiang qu yao yuan ,shi zhong yi “jie ”zi ,ba ke shu wang jing ,fu jin zhui xi ,you bang guo an wei ……chong chong fu za gan qing jiao zhi cheng yi ge shen hou zhuang kuo de yi shu jing jie 。di yi shou cong yan qian cong ju de kai fang lian ji dao “gu yuan ”。zhui yi “gu yuan ”de chen sai you bei bai di cheng huang hun de si chu zhen sheng suo da duan 。zhe zhong jian you cong kui fu dao chang an ,you cong chang an hui dao kui fu de wang fu 。di er shou ,you kui fu gu cheng an zhao bei dou xing de fang wei yao wang chang an ,ting xia zhong yuan ti ,xiang dao “hua sheng xiang lu ”。zhe shi liang ci wang fu 。lian pian de hui yi ,you bei kui fu gu cheng de bei jia suo huan xing 。zhe shi di san ci wang fu 。di san shou sui ran zhu yao zai shu fa yi yu bu ping ,dan shi zhong you “wu ling yi ma zi qing fei ”,reng ran you kui fu dao chang an de wang fu 。di si 、wu shou ,yi xie chang an shi shu nian lai de dong luan ,yi xie chang an gong que zhi cheng kuang ,dou shi xian cong dui chang an de hui yi kai shi ,zai zui hou liang gou hui dao kui fu 。di liu shou ,cong ju tang xia kou dao qu jiang tou ,cong mu qian de mo li feng yan ,xiang dao guo qu de ge wu fan hua 。di qi shou huai xiang kun ming chi shui cheng tang wu gong ,hui dao mu qian “guan sai ji tian wei diao dao ”de leng la 。di ba shou ,cong chang an de “kun wu ……”hui dao “bai tou yin wang ”de xian shi ,dou shi wang fu 。xun huan wang fu shi 《qiu xing 》de ji ben biao xian fang shi ,ye shi ta de te se 。bu lun cong kui fu xie dao chang an ,hai shi cong zhui yi chang an er gui jie dao kui fu ,cong bu tong de jiao du ,ceng ceng jia shen ,bu jin hao mo chong fu zhi gan ,hai qi le jia shen gan qing ,zeng jiang yi shu gan ran li de zuo yong ,zhen ke yi shui shi “hao fa mo wei han ,bo lan du lao cheng ”(《zeng zheng jian yi shi yun 》)le 。 |
情景的和谐统一,是抒情诗里一个异常重要的方面。《秋兴》八首可说是一个极好的范例。如“江间波浪兼天涌,塞上风云接地阴”,波浪汹涌,仿佛天也翻动;巫山风云,下及于地,似与地下阴气相接。前一句由下及上,后一句由上接下。波浪滔天,风云匝地,秋天萧森之气充塞于巫山巫峡之中。我们感到这两句形象有力,内容丰富,意境开阔。诗人不是简单地再现他的眼见耳闻,也不是简单地描摹江流湍急、塞上风云、三峡秋深的外貌特征,诗人捕捉到它们内在的精神,而赋予江水、风云某种性格。这就是天上地下、江间关塞,到处是惊风骇浪,动荡不安;萧条阴晦,不见天日。这就形象地表现了诗人的极度不安,翻腾起伏的忧思和胸中的郁勃不平,也象征了国家局势的变易无常和臲硊不安的前途。两句诗把峡谷的深秋,诗人个人身世以及国家丧乱都包括在里面。这种既掌握景物的特点,又把自己人生经验中最深刻的感情融会进去,用最生动、最有概括力的语言表现出来,这样景物就有了生命,而作者企图表现的感情也就有所附丽。情因景而显,景因情而深。语简而意繁,心情苦闷而意境开阔(意指不局促,不狭窄)。苏东坡曾说:“赋诗必此诗,定知非诗人”(《书鄢陵王主簿所画折枝二首》),确实是有见识、有经验之谈。 | qing jing de he xie tong yi ,shi shu qing shi li yi ge yi chang chong yao de fang mian 。《qiu xing 》ba shou ke shui shi yi ge ji hao de fan li 。ru “jiang jian bo lang jian tian chong ,sai shang feng yun jie de yin ”,bo lang xiong chong ,fang fo tian ye fan dong ;wu shan feng yun ,xia ji yu de ,shi yu de xia yin qi xiang jie 。qian yi gou you xia ji shang ,hou yi gou you shang jie xia 。bo lang tao tian ,feng yun za de ,qiu tian xiao sen zhi qi chong sai yu wu shan wu xia zhi zhong 。wo men gan dao zhe liang gou xing xiang you li ,nei rong feng fu ,yi jing kai kuo 。shi ren bu shi jian chan de zai xian ta de yan jian er wen ,ye bu shi jian chan de miao mo jiang liu tuan ji 、sai shang feng yun 、san xia qiu shen de wai mao te zheng ,shi ren bu zhuo dao ta men nei zai de jing shen ,er fu yu jiang shui 、feng yun mou chong xing ge 。zhe jiu shi tian shang de xia 、jiang jian guan sai ,dao chu shi jing feng hai lang ,dong dang bu an ;xiao tiao yin hui ,bu jian tian ri 。zhe jiu xing xiang de biao xian le shi ren de ji du bu an ,fan teng qi fu de you sai he xiong zhong de yu bo bu ping ,ye xiang zheng le guo jia ju shi de bian yi mo chang he nie gui bu an de qian tu 。liang gou shi ba xia gu de shen qiu ,shi ren ge ren shen shi yi ji guo jia sang luan dou bao gua zai li mian 。zhe chong ji zhang wo jing wu de te dian ,you ba zi ji ren sheng jing yan zhong zui shen ke de gan qing rong hui jin qu ,yong zui sheng dong 、zui you gai gua li de yu yan biao xian chu lai ,zhe yang jing wu jiu you le sheng ming ,er zuo zhe qi tu biao xian de gan qing ye jiu you suo fu li 。qing yin jing er xian ,jing yin qing er shen 。yu jian er yi fan ,xin qing ku men er yi jing kai kuo (yi zhi bu ju cu ,bu xia zhai )。su dong po ceng shui :“fu shi bi ci shi ,ding zhi fei shi ren ”(《shu yan ling wang zhu bu suo hua she zhi er shou 》),que shi shi you jian shi 、you jing yan zhi tan 。 |
杜甫住在成都时,在《江村》里说“自去自来堂上燕”,从栖居草堂的燕子的自去自来,表现诗人所在的江村长夏环境的幽静,显示了诗人漂泊后,初获暂时安定生活时自在舒展的心情。在《秋兴》第三首里,同样是燕飞,诗人却说:“清秋燕子故飞飞。”诗人日日江楼独坐,百无聊赖中看着燕子的上下翩翩,燕之辞归,好象故意奚落诗人的不能归,所以说它故意飞来绕去。一个“故”字,表现出诗人心烦意乱下的着恼之情。又如“瞿塘峡口曲江头,万里风烟接素秋”,瞿塘峡在夔府东,临近诗人所在之地,曲江在长安东南,是所思之地。黄生《杜诗说》:“二句分明在此地思彼地耳,却只写景。杜诗至化处,景即情也”,不失为精到语。至如“花萼夹城通御气,芙蓉小苑入边愁”的意在言外;“鱼龙寂寞秋江冷”的写秋景兼自喻;“请看石上藤萝月,已映洲前芦荻花”的纯是写景,情也在其中。这种情景交融的例子,八首中处处皆是。 | du fu zhu zai cheng dou shi ,zai 《jiang cun 》li shui “zi qu zi lai tang shang yan ”,cong qi ju cao tang de yan zi de zi qu zi lai ,biao xian shi ren suo zai de jiang cun chang xia huan jing de you jing ,xian shi le shi ren piao bo hou ,chu huo zan shi an ding sheng huo shi zi zai shu zhan de xin qing 。zai 《qiu xing 》di san shou li ,tong yang shi yan fei ,shi ren que shui :“qing qiu yan zi gu fei fei 。”shi ren ri ri jiang lou du zuo ,bai mo liao lai zhong kan zhao yan zi de shang xia pian pian ,yan zhi ci gui ,hao xiang gu yi xi la shi ren de bu neng gui ,suo yi shui ta gu yi fei lai rao qu 。yi ge “gu ”zi ,biao xian chu shi ren xin fan yi luan xia de zhao nao zhi qing 。you ru “ju tang xia kou qu jiang tou ,mo li feng yan jie su qiu ”,ju tang xia zai kui fu dong ,lin jin shi ren suo zai zhi de ,qu jiang zai chang an dong na ,shi suo sai zhi de 。huang sheng 《du shi shui 》:“er gou fen ming zai ci de sai bi de er ,que zhi xie jing 。du shi zhi hua chu ,jing ji qing ye ”,bu shi wei jing dao yu 。zhi ru “hua e ga cheng tong yu qi ,fu rong xiao yuan ru bian chou ”de yi zai yan wai ;“yu long ji mo qiu jiang leng ”de xie qiu jing jian zi yu ;“qing kan dan shang teng luo yue ,yi ying zhou qian lu di hua ”de chun shi xie jing ,qing ye zai ji zhong 。zhe chong qing jing jiao rong de li zi ,ba shou zhong chu chu jie shi 。 |
前面所说的情景交融,是指情景一致,有力地揭示诗人丰富复杂的内心世界所产生的艺术效果。此外,杜甫善于运用壮丽、华美的字和词表现深沉的忧伤。《秋兴》里,把长安昔日的繁华昌盛描绘得那么气象万千,充满了豪情,诗人早年的欢愉说起来那么快慰、兴奋。对长安的一些描写,不仅与回忆中的心情相适应,也与诗人现实的苍凉感情成为统一不可分割、互相衬托的整体。这更有助读者体会到诗人在国家残破、个人暮年漂泊时极大的忧伤和抑郁。诗人愈是以满腔热情歌唱往昔,愈使人感受到诗人虽老衰而忧国之情弥深,其“无力正乾坤”的痛苦也越重。 | qian mian suo shui de qing jing jiao rong ,shi zhi qing jing yi zhi ,you li de jie shi shi ren feng fu fu za de nei xin shi jie suo chan sheng de yi shu xiao guo 。ci wai ,du fu shan yu yun yong zhuang li 、hua mei de zi he ci biao xian shen chen de you shang 。《qiu xing 》li ,ba chang an xi ri de fan hua chang cheng miao hui de na me qi xiang mo qian ,chong man le hao qing ,shi ren zao nian de huan yu shui qi lai na me kuai wei 、xing fen 。dui chang an de yi xie miao xie ,bu jin yu hui yi zhong de xin qing xiang kuo ying ,ye yu shi ren xian shi de cang liang gan qing cheng wei tong yi bu ke fen ge 、hu xiang chen tuo de zheng ti 。zhe geng you zhu dou zhe ti hui dao shi ren zai guo jia can po 、ge ren mu nian piao bo shi ji da de you shang he yi yu 。shi ren yu shi yi man qiang re qing ge chang wang xi ,yu shi ren gan shou dao shi ren sui lao cui er you guo zhi qing mi shen ,ji “mo li zheng gan kun ”de tong ku ye yue chong 。 |
《秋兴》八首中,交织着深秋的冷落荒凉、心情的寂寞凄楚和国家的衰败残破。按通常的写法,总要多用一些清、凄、残、苦等字眼。然而杜甫在这组诗里,反而更多地使用了绚烂、华丽的字和词来写秋天的哀愁。乍看起来似和诗的意境截然不同,但它们在诗人巧妙的驱遣下,却更有力地烘托出深秋景物的萧条和心情的苍凉。如“蓬莱宫阙”、“瑶池”、“紫气”、“云移雉尾”、“日绕龙鳞”、“珠帘绣柱”、“锦缆牙樯”、“武帝旌旗”、“织女机丝”、“佳人拾翠”、“仙侣同舟”……都能引起美丽的联想,透过字句,泛出绚丽的光彩。可是在杜甫的笔下,这些词被用来衬托荒凉和寂寞,用字之勇,出于常情之外,而意境之深,又使人感到无处不在常情之中。这种不协调的协调,不统一的统一,不但丝毫无损于形象和意境的完整,而且往往比用协调的字句来写,能产生更强烈的艺术效果。正如用“笑”写悲远比用“泪”写悲要困难得多,可是如果写得好,就把思想感情表现得更为深刻有力。刘勰在《文心雕龙》的《丽辞》篇中讲到对偶时,曾指出“反对”较“正对”为优。其优越正在于“理殊趣合”,取得相反相成、加深意趣、丰富内容的积极作用。运用豪华的字句、场面表现哀愁、苦闷,同样是“理殊趣合”,也可以说是情景在更高的基础上的交融。其间的和谐,也是在更深刻、更复杂的矛盾情绪下的统一。 | 《qiu xing 》ba shou zhong ,jiao zhi zhao shen qiu de leng la huang liang 、xin qing de ji mo qi chu he guo jia de cui bai can po 。an tong chang de xie fa ,zong yao duo yong yi xie qing 、qi 、can 、ku deng zi yan 。ran er du fu zai zhe zu shi li ,fan er geng duo de shi yong le xuan lan 、hua li de zi he ci lai xie qiu tian de ai chou 。zha kan qi lai shi he shi de yi jing jie ran bu tong ,dan ta men zai shi ren qiao miao de qu qian xia ,que geng you li de hong tuo chu shen qiu jing wu de xiao tiao he xin qing de cang liang 。ru “peng lai gong que ”、“yao chi ”、“zi qi ”、“yun yi zhi wei ”、“ri rao long lin ”、“zhu lian xiu zhu ”、“jin lan ya qiang ”、“wu di jing qi ”、“zhi nv ji si ”、“jia ren she cui ”、“xian lv tong zhou ”……dou neng yin qi mei li de lian xiang ,tou guo zi gou ,fan chu xuan li de guang cai 。ke shi zai du fu de bi xia ,zhe xie ci bei yong lai chen tuo huang liang he ji mo ,yong zi zhi yong ,chu yu chang qing zhi wai ,er yi jing zhi shen ,you shi ren gan dao mo chu bu zai chang qing zhi zhong 。zhe chong bu xie diao de xie diao ,bu tong yi de tong yi ,bu dan si hao mo sun yu xing xiang he yi jing de wan zheng ,er ju wang wang bi yong xie diao de zi gou lai xie ,neng chan sheng geng jiang lie de yi shu xiao guo 。zheng ru yong “xiao ”xie bei yuan bi yong “lei ”xie bei yao kun nan de duo ,ke shi ru guo xie de hao ,jiu ba sai xiang gan qing biao xian de geng wei shen ke you li 。liu xie zai 《wen xin diao long 》de 《li ci 》pian zhong jiang dao dui ou shi ,ceng zhi chu “fan dui ”jiao “zheng dui ”wei you 。ji you yue zheng zai yu “li shu qu ge ”,qu de xiang fan xiang cheng 、jia shen yi qu 、feng fu nei rong de ji ji zuo yong 。yun yong hao hua de zi gou 、chang mian biao xian ai chou 、ku men ,tong yang shi “li shu qu ge ”,ye ke yi shui shi qing jing zai geng gao de ji chu shang de jiao rong 。ji jian de he xie ,ye shi zai geng shen ke 、geng fu za de mao dun qing xu xia de tong yi 。 |
有人以为杜甫入蜀后,诗歌不再有前期那样大气磅礴、浓烈炽人的感情。其实,诗人在这时期并没消沉,只是生活处境不同,思想感情更复杂、更深沉了。而在艺术表现方面,经长期生活的锻炼和创作经验的积累,比起前期有进一步的提高或丰富,《秋兴》就是明证。 | you ren yi wei du fu ru shu hou ,shi ge bu zai you qian ji na yang da qi bang bo 、nong lie chi ren de gan qing 。ji shi ,shi ren zai zhe shi ji bing mei xiao chen ,zhi shi sheng huo chu jing bu tong ,sai xiang gan qing geng fu za 、geng shen chen le 。er zai yi shu biao xian fang mian ,jing chang ji sheng huo de duan lian he chuang zuo jing yan de ji lei ,bi qi qian ji you jin yi bu de di gao huo feng fu ,《qiu xing 》jiu shi ming zheng 。 |
(冯钟芸) | (feng zhong yun ) |
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黄鹤、单复俱编在大历元年,诗云“丛菊两开”,盖自永泰元年秋至云安,大历元年秋在夔州,是两见菊开也。【钱笺】潘岳有《秋兴赋》,遂以名篇。吴论:秋兴者,遇秋而遣兴也,敌八首写秋字意少,兴字意多。 | huang he 、chan fu ju bian zai da li yuan nian ,shi yun “cong ju liang kai ”,gai zi yong tai yuan nian qiu zhi yun an ,da li yuan nian qiu zai kui zhou ,shi liang jian ju kai ye 。【qian jian 】pan yue you 《qiu xing fu 》,sui yi ming pian 。wu lun :qiu xing zhe ,yu qiu er qian xing ye ,di ba shou xie qiu zi yi shao ,xing zi yi duo 。 |
玉露调伤枫树林①,巫山巫峡气萧森②。江间波浪兼天涌③,塞上风云接地阴④。丛菊两开他日泪⑤,孤舟一系故园心⑥。寒衣处处催刀尺⑦,白帝城高急暮砧⑧。 | yu lou diao shang feng shu lin ①,wu shan wu xia qi xiao sen ②。jiang jian bo lang jian tian chong ③,sai shang feng yun jie de yin ④。cong ju liang kai ta ri lei ⑤,gu zhou yi ji gu yuan xin ⑥。han yi chu chu cui dao che ⑦,bai di cheng gao ji mu zhen ⑧。 |
(首章,对秋而伤羁旅也。上四因秋托兴,下四触景伤情。【钱笺】首章,秋兴之发端也。江间塞上,状其悲壮。丛菊孤舟,写其凄紧。末二句结上生下,故即以夔府孤城次之。工维桢曰:江间承峡,塞上承山,菊开山际,舟系江中,四句错综相应。【顾注】波浪在地而曰兼天,风云在天而曰接地,极言阴晦萧森之状。【钱笺】丛菊两开,即公《客舍》诗“南菊再逢人病卧”。孤舟一系,即公《九日》诗“系舟身万里”。【朱注】公至夔已经二秋,时舣舟以俟出峡,故再见菊开,仍陨他日之泪,而孤舟乍系,辄动故园之心。他日,言往时。故园,指樊川。《杜臆》:丛菊孤舟,目所见。刀尺暮砧,耳所闻。【顾注】催刀尺,制新衣。急暮砧,捣旧衣。曰催曰急,见御寒者有备,客子无衣。可胜凄绝。【钱笺】以节则抄秋,以地则高城,以时则薄暮,刀尺苦寒,急砧促别,末句标举兴会,略有五重,所谓嵯峨萧瑟,真不可言。范梈曰:作诗实字多则健,虚字多则弱,如此诗“丛菊”“孤舟”一联,语亦何尝不健。) | (shou zhang ,dui qiu er shang ji lv ye 。shang si yin qiu tuo xing ,xia si chu jing shang qing 。【qian jian 】shou zhang ,qiu xing zhi fa duan ye 。jiang jian sai shang ,zhuang ji bei zhuang 。cong ju gu zhou ,xie ji qi jin 。mo er gou jie shang sheng xia ,gu ji yi kui fu gu cheng ci zhi 。gong wei zhen yue :jiang jian cheng xia ,sai shang cheng shan ,ju kai shan ji ,zhou ji jiang zhong ,si gou cuo zeng xiang ying 。【gu zhu 】bo lang zai de er yue jian tian ,feng yun zai tian er yue jie de ,ji yan yin hui xiao sen zhi zhuang 。【qian jian 】cong ju liang kai ,ji gong 《ke she 》shi “na ju zai feng ren bing wo ”。gu zhou yi ji ,ji gong 《jiu ri 》shi “ji zhou shen mo li ”。【zhu zhu 】gong zhi kui yi jing er qiu ,shi yi zhou yi qi chu xia ,gu zai jian ju kai ,reng yun ta ri zhi lei ,er gu zhou zha ji ,zhe dong gu yuan zhi xin 。ta ri ,yan wang shi 。gu yuan ,zhi fan chuan 。《du yi 》:cong ju gu zhou ,mu suo jian 。dao che mu zhen ,er suo wen 。【gu zhu 】cui dao che ,zhi xin yi 。ji mu zhen ,dao jiu yi 。yue cui yue ji ,jian yu han zhe you bei ,ke zi mo yi 。ke sheng qi jue 。【qian jian 】yi jie ze chao qiu ,yi de ze gao cheng ,yi shi ze bao mu ,dao che ku han ,ji zhen cu bie ,mo gou biao ju xing hui ,lve you wu chong ,suo wei cuo e xiao se ,zhen bu ke yan 。fan peng yue :zuo shi shi zi duo ze jian ,xu zi duo ze ruo ,ru ci shi “cong ju ”“gu zhou ”yi lian ,yu yi he chang bu jian 。) |
①李密《感秋》诗:“金风荡佳节,玉露凋晚林。”沈约诗:“暮节易调伤。”阮籍诗:“湛湛长江水,上有枫树林。”②梁元帝诗:“巫山巫峡长。”《水经注》:江水历峡,东径新崩滩,其下十余里有大巫山,非惟三峡所无,乃当抗峰岷峨,偕岭衡疑,其间首尾一百六十里,谓之巫峡,盖因山为名也。三峡七百里中,两岸连山,略无阙处,自非亭午夜分,不见曦月。张协诗:“荒楚郁萧森。”③虞炎诗:“三山波浪高。”《庄子》:“道兼于天。”④【陈泽州注】塞上,即指夔州,《夔府书怀》诗“绝塞乌蛮北”,《白帝城楼》诗“城高绝塞楼”可证。蔡琰《胡笳》:“塞上黄蒿兮,枝枯叶干。”庾信诗:“秋气风云高。”汉武帝《论淮南王书》:“际天接地。”⑤张协诗:“轻露栖丛菊。”⑥陶潜辞:“或命巾车,或棹孤舟。”虞炎诗:“方掩故园扉。”⑦《子夜歌》:“寒衣尚未了。”王台卿诗:“处处动春心。”《古诗为焦仲卿妻》:“左手持刀尺。”⑧庾信诗,“秋砧调急节。”王嗣奭曰:《秋兴》八章,以第一起兴,而后章俱发隐衷,或起下、或承上、或互发、或遥应,总是一篇文字。又云:首章发兴四句,便影时事,见丧乱凋残景象。后四句、乃其悲秋心事。此一首便包括后七首。而故园心。乃画龙点睛处。至四章故国思,读者当另着眼,易家为国,其意甚远。后面四章,又包括于其中。如人主之荒淫,盛衰倚伏,景物之繁华,人情之佚豫,皆能召乱。平居思之,已非一日,今漂泊于此,止有头白低垂而已。此中情事,不忍明言,不能尽言,人当自得于言外也。 | ①li mi 《gan qiu 》shi :“jin feng dang jia jie ,yu lou diao wan lin 。”shen yao shi :“mu jie yi diao shang 。”ruan ji shi :“zhan zhan chang jiang shui ,shang you feng shu lin 。”②liang yuan di shi :“wu shan wu xia chang 。”《shui jing zhu 》:jiang shui li xia ,dong jing xin beng tan ,ji xia shi yu li you da wu shan ,fei wei san xia suo mo ,nai dang kang feng min e ,xie ling heng yi ,ji jian shou wei yi bai liu shi li ,wei zhi wu xia ,gai yin shan wei ming ye 。san xia qi bai li zhong ,liang an lian shan ,lve mo que chu ,zi fei ting wu ye fen ,bu jian xi yue 。zhang xie shi :“huang chu yu xiao sen 。”③yu yan shi :“san shan bo lang gao 。”《zhuang zi 》:“dao jian yu tian 。”④【chen ze zhou zhu 】sai shang ,ji zhi kui zhou ,《kui fu shu huai 》shi “jue sai wu man bei ”,《bai di cheng lou 》shi “cheng gao jue sai lou ”ke zheng 。cai yan 《hu jia 》:“sai shang huang hao xi ,zhi ku xie gan 。”yu xin shi :“qiu qi feng yun gao 。”han wu di 《lun huai na wang shu 》:“ji tian jie de 。”⑤zhang xie shi :“qing lou qi cong ju 。”⑥tao qian ci :“huo ming jin che ,huo zhao gu zhou 。”yu yan shi :“fang yan gu yuan fei 。”⑦《zi ye ge 》:“han yi shang wei le 。”wang tai qing shi :“chu chu dong chun xin 。”《gu shi wei jiao zhong qing qi 》:“zuo shou chi dao che 。”⑧yu xin shi ,“qiu zhen diao ji jie 。”wang si shi yue :《qiu xing 》ba zhang ,yi di yi qi xing ,er hou zhang ju fa yin zhong ,huo qi xia 、huo cheng shang 、huo hu fa 、huo yao ying ,zong shi yi pian wen zi 。you yun :shou zhang fa xing si gou ,bian ying shi shi ,jian sang luan diao can jing xiang 。hou si gou 、nai ji bei qiu xin shi 。ci yi shou bian bao gua hou qi shou 。er gu yuan xin 。nai hua long dian jing chu 。zhi si zhang gu guo sai ,dou zhe dang ling zhao yan ,yi jia wei guo ,ji yi shen yuan 。hou mian si zhang ,you bao gua yu ji zhong 。ru ren zhu zhi huang yin ,cheng cui yi fu ,jing wu zhi fan hua ,ren qing zhi yi yu ,jie neng shao luan 。ping ju sai zhi ,yi fei yi ri ,jin piao bo yu ci ,zhi you tou bai di chui er yi 。ci zhong qing shi ,bu ren ming yan ,bu neng jin yan ,ren dang zi de yu yan wai ye 。 |
黄生曰:杜公七律当以《秋兴》为裘领,乃公一生心神结聚之所作也。八首之中,难为轩轻,长安一幸,乃文章之过渡。 | huang sheng yue :du gong qi lv dang yi 《qiu xing 》wei qiu ling ,nai gong yi sheng xin shen jie ju zhi suo zuo ye 。ba shou zhi zhong ,nan wei xuan qing ,chang an yi xing ,nai wen zhang zhi guo du 。 |
其二 | ji er |
夔府孤城落日斜①,每依北斗望京华②。听猿实下三声泪③,奉使虚随八月搓④。画省香炉违伏枕⑤,山楼粉堞隐悲笳⑥。请看石上藤萝月⑦,已映洲前芦荻花⑧。 | kui fu gu cheng la ri xie ①,mei yi bei dou wang jing hua ②。ting yuan shi xia san sheng lei ③,feng shi xu sui ba yue cuo ④。hua sheng xiang lu wei fu zhen ⑤,shan lou fen die yin bei jia ⑥。qing kan dan shang teng luo yue ⑦,yi ying zhou qian lu di hua ⑧。 |
(二章,言夔州暮景。依斗在初夜之时,看月在夜深之候,此上下层次也。亦在四句分截。京华不可见,徒听猿声而怅随搓,曷胜凄楚,以故伏枕闻笳,卧不能寐,起视月色于洲前耳。【陈泽州注】杜诗“白帝夔州各异城”,白帝在东,夔府在西。【钱笺】依斗望京,此句为八章之骨。重章叠文,不出于此,皎然所谓截断众流句也。每依、言无夕不然。《杜臆》:京华,即故园所在,望而不见,奚能不悲?听猿堕泪,身历始觉其真,故曰实下。孤舟长系,有似乘槎不返,故曰虚随。香烛直省,卧病远违,堞对山楼,悲笳隐动,皆写日落后情景。萝间之月,忽映洲花,不觉良宵又度矣。听猿、悲笳,俱言暮景。八月、芦荻,点还秋景。 | (er zhang ,yan kui zhou mu jing 。yi dou zai chu ye zhi shi ,kan yue zai ye shen zhi hou ,ci shang xia ceng ci ye 。yi zai si gou fen jie 。jing hua bu ke jian ,tu ting yuan sheng er chang sui cuo ,he sheng qi chu ,yi gu fu zhen wen jia ,wo bu neng mei ,qi shi yue se yu zhou qian er 。【chen ze zhou zhu 】du shi “bai di kui zhou ge yi cheng ”,bai di zai dong ,kui fu zai xi 。【qian jian 】yi dou wang jing ,ci gou wei ba zhang zhi gu 。chong zhang die wen ,bu chu yu ci ,jiao ran suo wei jie duan zhong liu gou ye 。mei yi 、yan mo xi bu ran 。《du yi 》:jing hua ,ji gu yuan suo zai ,wang er bu jian ,xi neng bu bei ?ting yuan duo lei ,shen li shi jiao ji zhen ,gu yue shi xia 。gu zhou chang ji ,you shi cheng cha bu fan ,gu yue xu sui 。xiang zhu zhi sheng ,wo bing yuan wei ,die dui shan lou ,bei jia yin dong ,jie xie ri la hou qing jing 。luo jian zhi yue ,hu ying zhou hua ,bu jiao liang xiao you du yi 。ting yuan 、bei jia ,ju yan mu jing 。ba yue 、lu di ,dian hai qiu jing 。 |
①《旧唐书》:贞观十四年,夔州为都督府。督归、夔、忠、万、涪、渝、南七州。王褒诗:“秋色照孤城。”梁元帝诗:“西山落日斜。”②按:赵蔡两注俱云,秦城上直北斗,长安在夔州之北,故瞻依北斗而望之。或引长安城北为北斗形者,非是。【陈泽州注】唐人多用北斗,如平临北斗之类,公诗多用北斗,如“秦城北斗边”之类,郭璞诗:“京华游侠窟。”③伏挺诗:“听猿方忖岫,闻濑始知川。”《水经注》:“每至晴初霜旦,林寒涧肃,常有高猿长啸,属引凄异,空谷传响,哀转久绝,故渔者歌曰:巴东三峡巫峡长,猿鸣三声泪沾裳。”萧铨诗:“别有三声泪,沾裳竟不穷。”【徐增注】本是听猿三声实下泪,拘于声律,故为实下三声泪。④李陵书:“丁年奉使,皓首而归。”《博物志》:“近有人居海渚者,年年八月有浮槎去来不失期,人有奇志,乘槎而去,十余月至一处,有城郭状,宫中有织妇,见一丈夫牵牛渚次饮之,因问此是何处,答曰:访严君平则知之。因还。至蜀,问君平,曰:某年某月,有客星犯牵牛宿。计其年月,正是此人到天河时也。”又《荆楚岁时记》载汉武帝令张骞使大夏,寻河源,乘槎经月而至一处。下文所云,与《博物志》同。今按:严武为节度使,公曾入幕参谋,故有奉使虚随句。八月槎,用严君平在蜀事。奉使,参用张骞出使事。⑤沈佺期诗:“累年同画省。”《汉官仪》:尚书省中,皆以胡粉涂壁,紫青界之,画古列士,重行书赞。尚书郎更直于建礼门内,台给青缣白绫被,或锦被帏帐茵褥通中枕。女侍史二人,皆选端正,执香烛烧薰,从入台中,护衣服。《诗》:“辗转伏枕。”⑥张璁曰:山楼,即所寓西阁也。孔德绍诗:“云叶掩山楼。”【邵注】城上女墙,饰以垩土,故曰粉堞。梁简文帝诗:“平江含粉堞。”魏文帝《与吴质书》:“悲笳微吟”。【顾注】胡人卷芦叶而吹之,谓之笳箫,似觱篥而无孔。⑦鲍博士联句:“彷佛藤萝月,缤纷篁雾阴。”⑧乐府《乌夜啼》:“巴陵三江口,芦荻齐如麻。”徐渭以藤萝、芦荻分夏秋,未合。 | ①《jiu tang shu 》:zhen guan shi si nian ,kui zhou wei dou du fu 。du gui 、kui 、zhong 、mo 、fu 、yu 、na qi zhou 。wang bao shi :“qiu se zhao gu cheng 。”liang yuan di shi :“xi shan la ri xie 。”②an :zhao cai liang zhu ju yun ,qin cheng shang zhi bei dou ,chang an zai kui zhou zhi bei ,gu zhan yi bei dou er wang zhi 。huo yin chang an cheng bei wei bei dou xing zhe ,fei shi 。【chen ze zhou zhu 】tang ren duo yong bei dou ,ru ping lin bei dou zhi lei ,gong shi duo yong bei dou ,ru “qin cheng bei dou bian ”zhi lei ,guo pu shi :“jing hua you xia ku 。”③fu ting shi :“ting yuan fang cun xiu ,wen lai shi zhi chuan 。”《shui jing zhu 》:“mei zhi qing chu shuang dan ,lin han jian su ,chang you gao yuan chang xiao ,shu yin qi yi ,kong gu chuan xiang ,ai zhuai jiu jue ,gu yu zhe ge yue :ba dong san xia wu xia chang ,yuan ming san sheng lei zhan chang 。”xiao quan shi :“bie you san sheng lei ,zhan chang jing bu qiong 。”【xu zeng zhu 】ben shi ting yuan san sheng shi xia lei ,ju yu sheng lv ,gu wei shi xia san sheng lei 。④li ling shu :“ding nian feng shi ,hao shou er gui 。”《bo wu zhi 》:“jin you ren ju hai zhu zhe ,nian nian ba yue you fu cha qu lai bu shi ji ,ren you ji zhi ,cheng cha er qu ,shi yu yue zhi yi chu ,you cheng guo zhuang ,gong zhong you zhi fu ,jian yi zhang fu qian niu zhu ci yin zhi ,yin wen ci shi he chu ,da yue :fang yan jun ping ze zhi zhi 。yin hai 。zhi shu ,wen jun ping ,yue :mou nian mou yue ,you ke xing fan qian niu su 。ji ji nian yue ,zheng shi ci ren dao tian he shi ye 。”you 《jing chu sui shi ji 》zai han wu di ling zhang jian shi da xia ,xun he yuan ,cheng cha jing yue er zhi yi chu 。xia wen suo yun ,yu 《bo wu zhi 》tong 。jin an :yan wu wei jie du shi ,gong ceng ru mu can mou ,gu you feng shi xu sui gou 。ba yue cha ,yong yan jun ping zai shu shi 。feng shi ,can yong zhang jian chu shi shi 。⑤shen quan ji shi :“lei nian tong hua sheng 。”《han guan yi 》:shang shu sheng zhong ,jie yi hu fen tu bi ,zi qing jie zhi ,hua gu lie shi ,chong hang shu zan 。shang shu lang geng zhi yu jian li men nei ,tai gei qing jian bai ling bei ,huo jin bei wei zhang yin ru tong zhong zhen 。nv shi shi er ren ,jie shua duan zheng ,zhi xiang zhu shao xun ,cong ru tai zhong ,hu yi fu 。《shi 》:“nian zhuai fu zhen 。”⑥zhang cong yue :shan lou ,ji suo yu xi ge ye 。kong de shao shi :“yun xie yan shan lou 。”【shao zhu 】cheng shang nv qiang ,shi yi e tu ,gu yue fen die 。liang jian wen di shi :“ping jiang han fen die 。”wei wen di 《yu wu zhi shu 》:“bei jia wei yin ”。【gu zhu 】hu ren juan lu xie er chui zhi ,wei zhi jia xiao ,shi bi li er mo kong 。⑦bao bo shi lian gou :“fang fo teng luo yue ,bin fen huang wu yin 。”⑧le fu 《wu ye ti 》:“ba ling san jiang kou ,lu di ji ru ma 。”xu wei yi teng luo 、lu di fen xia qiu ,wei ge 。 |
唐人七律,多在四句分截,杜诗于此法更严。张性《演义》拈夔府京华作主,以听猿山楼应夔府,以奉使画省应京华,逐层分顶。说似整齐,然未知杜律章法,而琐琐配合,全非作者本意。后面长安、蓬莱、昆明、昆吾四章,旧注各从六句分段,俱未合格。今照四句截界,方见章法也。 | tang ren qi lv ,duo zai si gou fen jie ,du shi yu ci fa geng yan 。zhang xing 《yan yi 》nian kui fu jing hua zuo zhu ,yi ting yuan shan lou ying kui fu ,yi feng shi hua sheng ying jing hua ,zhu ceng fen ding 。shui shi zheng ji ,ran wei zhi du lv zhang fa ,er suo suo pei ge ,quan fei zuo zhe ben yi 。hou mian chang an 、peng lai 、kun ming 、kun wu si zhang ,jiu zhu ge cong liu gou fen duan ,ju wei ge ge 。jin zhao si gou jie jie ,fang jian zhang fa ye 。 |
其三 | ji san |
千家山郭静朝晖①,日日江楼坐翠微②。信宿渔人还泛泛③,清秋燕子故飞飞④。匡衡抗疏功名薄⑤,刘向传经心事违⑥。同学少年多不贱⑦,五陵衣马自轻肥⑧。 | qian jia shan guo jing chao hui ①,ri ri jiang lou zuo cui wei ②。xin su yu ren hai fan fan ③,qing qiu yan zi gu fei fei ④。kuang heng kang shu gong ming bao ⑤,liu xiang chuan jing xin shi wei ⑥。tong xue shao nian duo bu jian ⑦,wu ling yi ma zi qing fei ⑧。 |
(三章,言夔州朝景。上四咏景,下四感怀。秋高气清,故朝晖冷静。山绕楼前,故坐对翠微。渔人、燕子,即所见以况己之淹留。《杜臆》:舟泛燕飞,此人情物性之常,旅人视之,偏觉增愁,曰还、曰故,厌之也。【邵注】公尝论救房琯忤旨,几被戮辱,此功名不若衡也。公尝待制集贤院试,后送隶有司,此传经不如向也。【远注】匡衡抗疏,刘向传经,上四字一读。功名薄,心事违,属公自慨。【顾注】同学少年,不过志在轻肥,见无关于轻重也。【钱笺】三章,正申秋兴名篇之意,古人所谓文之心也。末句五陵,起下长安。) | (san zhang ,yan kui zhou chao jing 。shang si yong jing ,xia si gan huai 。qiu gao qi qing ,gu chao hui leng jing 。shan rao lou qian ,gu zuo dui cui wei 。yu ren 、yan zi ,ji suo jian yi kuang ji zhi yan liu 。《du yi 》:zhou fan yan fei ,ci ren qing wu xing zhi chang ,lv ren shi zhi ,pian jiao zeng chou ,yue hai 、yue gu ,ya zhi ye 。【shao zhu 】gong chang lun jiu fang guan wu zhi ,ji bei lu ru ,ci gong ming bu re heng ye 。gong chang dai zhi ji xian yuan shi ,hou song li you si ,ci chuan jing bu ru xiang ye 。【yuan zhu 】kuang heng kang shu ,liu xiang chuan jing ,shang si zi yi dou 。gong ming bao ,xin shi wei ,shu gong zi kai 。【gu zhu 】tong xue shao nian ,bu guo zhi zai qing fei ,jian mo guan yu qing chong ye 。【qian jian 】san zhang ,zheng shen qiu xing ming pian zhi yi ,gu ren suo wei wen zhi xin ye 。mo gou wu ling ,qi xia chang an 。) |
①《拾遗记》:“千家万户之书。”谢脁诗:“还望青山郭。”陆机诗:“扶桑升朝晖”。②庾信诗:“石岸似江楼。”《尔雅疏》:山气青缥色曰翠微,凡山远望则翠,近之则翠渐微。旧本作日日,乃起下还泛泛、故飞飞,但嫌重字太多。吕东莱作百处江楼,与千家山郭相对,但句法似板。若作每日江楼,仍是对起,而兼能起下矣。③《诗》:“于汝信宿。”注:“再宿曰信。”徐访诗:“渔人迷旧浦。”《诗》:“泛泛扬舟。”④殷仲文诗:“独有清秋日,能使高兴尽。”古诗:“秋去春还双燕子。”《文昌杂录》:燕子至秋社乃去,仲春复来。谢灵运诗:“飞飞燕弄声。”以故对还,是依旧之词,非故意之谓。或引《子规》诗“故作傍人低”,未合。⑤《匡衡传》:元帝初即位,有日食地震之变,上问以政治得失。衡数上疏,陈便宜,上悦其言,迁衡为光禄大夫、太子少傅。《解嘲》:“独可抗疏,时道是非。”陆机《长歌行》:“但恨功名簿。”⑥《前汉·刘向传》:成帝即位,诏向领校中五经秘书。河平中,子歆受诏,与父领校秘书。哀帝时,歆复领五经,卒父前业。刘歆《责太常书》:“考学官传经。”周弘正诗:“既伤年绪促,复嗟心事违。”【黄生注】衡,向皆历事两朝,故借以自比。⑦同学少年,谓小时同学之辈。《列女传》:孟宗少游学,与同学共处。鲍照诗:“忆昔少年时。”⑧《西都赋》:“北眺五陵。”注云:“长陵、安陵、阳陵、茂陵、平陵也。”【顾注】汉徒豪杰名家于诸陵,故五陵为豪侠所聚。范云诗:“傧从皆珠玳,裘马悉轻肥。”曰自轻肥,见非己所关心。 | ①《she wei ji 》:“qian jia mo hu zhi shu 。”xie tiao shi :“hai wang qing shan guo 。”liu ji shi :“fu sang sheng chao hui ”。②yu xin shi :“dan an shi jiang lou 。”《er ya shu 》:shan qi qing piao se yue cui wei ,fan shan yuan wang ze cui ,jin zhi ze cui jian wei 。jiu ben zuo ri ri ,nai qi xia hai fan fan 、gu fei fei ,dan xian chong zi tai duo 。lv dong lai zuo bai chu jiang lou ,yu qian jia shan guo xiang dui ,dan gou fa shi ban 。re zuo mei ri jiang lou ,reng shi dui qi ,er jian neng qi xia yi 。③《shi 》:“yu ru xin su 。”zhu :“zai su yue xin 。”xu fang shi :“yu ren mi jiu pu 。”《shi 》:“fan fan yang zhou 。”④yan zhong wen shi :“du you qing qiu ri ,neng shi gao xing jin 。”gu shi :“qiu qu chun hai shuang yan zi 。”《wen chang za lu 》:yan zi zhi qiu she nai qu ,zhong chun fu lai 。xie ling yun shi :“fei fei yan long sheng 。”yi gu dui hai ,shi yi jiu zhi ci ,fei gu yi zhi wei 。huo yin 《zi gui 》shi “gu zuo bang ren di ”,wei ge 。⑤《kuang heng chuan 》:yuan di chu ji wei ,you ri shi de zhen zhi bian ,shang wen yi zheng zhi de shi 。heng shu shang shu ,chen bian yi ,shang yue ji yan ,qian heng wei guang lu da fu 、tai zi shao fu 。《jie chao 》:“du ke kang shu ,shi dao shi fei 。”liu ji 《chang ge hang 》:“dan hen gong ming bu 。”⑥《qian han ·liu xiang chuan 》:cheng di ji wei ,zhao xiang ling jiao zhong wu jing bi shu 。he ping zhong ,zi xin shou zhao ,yu fu ling jiao bi shu 。ai di shi ,xin fu ling wu jing ,cu fu qian ye 。liu xin 《ze tai chang shu 》:“kao xue guan chuan jing 。”zhou hong zheng shi :“ji shang nian xu cu ,fu jie xin shi wei 。”【huang sheng zhu 】heng ,xiang jie li shi liang chao ,gu jie yi zi bi 。⑦tong xue shao nian ,wei xiao shi tong xue zhi bei 。《lie nv chuan 》:meng zong shao you xue ,yu tong xue gong chu 。bao zhao shi :“yi xi shao nian shi 。”⑧《xi dou fu 》:“bei tiao wu ling 。”zhu yun :“chang ling 、an ling 、yang ling 、mao ling 、ping ling ye 。”【gu zhu 】han tu hao jie ming jia yu zhu ling ,gu wu ling wei hao xia suo ju 。fan yun shi :“bin cong jie zhu dai ,qiu ma xi qing fei 。”yue zi qing fei ,jian fei ji suo guan xin 。 |
朱鹤龄曰:前三章,俱主夔州。后五章,乃及长安事。 | zhu he ling yue :qian san zhang ,ju zhu kui zhou 。hou wu zhang ,nai ji chang an shi 。 |
泽州陈冢宰廷敬曰:前三章,详夔州而略长安。后五章,详长妄而略夔州。次第秩然。 | ze zhou chen zhong zai ting jing yue :qian san zhang ,xiang kui zhou er lve chang an 。hou wu zhang ,xiang chang wang er lve kui zhou 。ci di zhi ran 。 |
其四 | ji si |
闻道长安似弈棋①,百年世事不胜悲②。王侯第宅皆新主③,文武衣冠异昔时④。直北关山金鼓震,征西车马羽书驰⑤。鱼龙寂寞秋江冷⑥,故国平居有所思⑦。 | wen dao chang an shi yi qi ①,bai nian shi shi bu sheng bei ②。wang hou di zhai jie xin zhu ③,wen wu yi guan yi xi shi ④。zhi bei guan shan jin gu zhen ,zheng xi che ma yu shu chi ⑤。yu long ji mo qiu jiang leng ⑥,gu guo ping ju you suo sai ⑦。 |
(四章,回忆长安,叹其洊经丧乱也。上四伤朝局之变迁,下是忧边境之侵逼。故国有思,又起下四章。《杜臆》:长安一破于禄山,再陷于吐蕃,如弈棋迭为胜负,即此百年中而世事有不胜悲者。百年,谓开国至今。【邵注】王侯之家,委弃奔窜,第宅易为新主矣。文武之官,侥幸滥进,衣冠非复旧时矣。北忧回纥,西患吐蕃,事在广德、永泰间。或指安史余孽为北寇者,非。【顾注】有所思,从寂寞来,故国平居之事,当秋江寂寞,而历历堪思也。秋江二字,点秋兴意。《杜臆》:思故国平居,并思其致乱之由。易故园心为故国思者,见孤舟所系之心,为国非为家也。其意加切矣。 | (si zhang ,hui yi chang an ,tan ji cun jing sang luan ye 。shang si shang chao ju zhi bian qian ,xia shi you bian jing zhi qin bi 。gu guo you sai ,you qi xia si zhang 。《du yi 》:chang an yi po yu lu shan ,zai xian yu tu fan ,ru yi qi die wei sheng fu ,ji ci bai nian zhong er shi shi you bu sheng bei zhe 。bai nian ,wei kai guo zhi jin 。【shao zhu 】wang hou zhi jia ,wei qi ben cuan ,di zhai yi wei xin zhu yi 。wen wu zhi guan ,jiao xing lan jin ,yi guan fei fu jiu shi yi 。bei you hui ge ,xi huan tu fan ,shi zai an de 、yong tai jian 。huo zhi an shi yu nie wei bei kou zhe ,fei 。【gu zhu 】you suo sai ,cong ji mo lai ,gu guo ping ju zhi shi ,dang qiu jiang ji mo ,er li li kan sai ye 。qiu jiang er zi ,dian qiu xing yi 。《du yi 》:sai gu guo ping ju ,bing sai ji zhi luan zhi you 。yi gu yuan xin wei gu guo sai zhe ,jian gu zhou suo ji zhi xin ,wei guo fei wei jia ye 。ji yi jia qie yi 。 |
①《左传》:太叔文子曰:“今宁子视君,不如弈棋,其何以免乎?”②金俊明曰:自高祖开国,至大历之初,为百年。《左传》:辛有曰:“不及百年,其为戎乎?”李陵《答苏武书》,“世事谬矣。”《世说》:“王戎悲不自胜。”③古诗:“王侯多第宅。”【钱笺】天宝中,京师堂寝已极宏丽,而第宅未甚逾制,然卫国公李靖庙已为嬖人杨氏矣。及安史作逆之后,大臣宿将竞崇栋宇,人谓之木妖。④《后汉书》传赞:上方欲用文武。《郭泰传》:衣冠诸儒。唐中宗授杨再思制:衣冠旧齿。衣冠,指缙绅望族。【钱笺】玄宗宠信蕃将,而肃宗信任中官,俾居朝右,是文武衣冠皆异于昔时矣。⑤【陈泽州注】广德元年,吐蕃入寇,陷长安,二年,仆固怀恩引回纥、吐蕃入寇。又吐蕃寇醴泉奉天,党项羌寇同州,浑、奴刺寇整厔。是时西北多事,故金鼓震而羽书驰。或谓吐蕃入长安时,征天下兵莫至,故曰羽书迟,非也。陈又云:公诗“愁看北直是长安”,指夔州之北,此云“直北关山金鼓震”,指长安之北。《封禅书》:因其直北.立五帝坛。乐府有《度关山曲》。《晋书·刘琨传》:金鼓振於河曲。崔亭伯诗:“戎马鸣兮金鼓震。”《后汉书》:冯异拜征西大将军。《韩非子》:“车马不疲弊于远方。”《楚汉春秋》:黥布反,羽书至。《前汉·息夫躬传》:军书交驰而辐凑,羽檄重迹而狎至。⑥《水经注》:鱼龙以秋日为夜。龙秋分而降,蛰寝于渊,故以秋为夜也。《楚辞》:“野寂寞其无人。”吴筠诗:“风起秋江上。”⑦桑弘羊《请田轮台奏》:“皆故国地。”阮籍诗:“念我平居时。”又:“登高有所思。”钱谦益曰:肃宗收京后,委任中人,中外多故,公不以移官僻远,憗置君国之忧,故有长安世事之感。“每依北斗望京华,”情几乎此。白帝城高,目瞻故国,兼天波浪,身近鱼龙,曰“平居有所思”,殆欲以沧江遗老,奋袖屈指,覆定百年举棋之局。非徒伤晼晚,如昔人愿得入帝京而已。泽州陈廷敬曰:故国平居有所思,犹云“历历开元事,分明在目前”。此章末句,结本章以起下数章。 | ①《zuo chuan 》:tai shu wen zi yue :“jin ning zi shi jun ,bu ru yi qi ,ji he yi mian hu ?”②jin jun ming yue :zi gao zu kai guo ,zhi da li zhi chu ,wei bai nian 。《zuo chuan 》:xin you yue :“bu ji bai nian ,ji wei rong hu ?”li ling 《da su wu shu 》,“shi shi miu yi 。”《shi shui 》:“wang rong bei bu zi sheng 。”③gu shi :“wang hou duo di zhai 。”【qian jian 】tian bao zhong ,jing shi tang qin yi ji hong li ,er di zhai wei shen yu zhi ,ran wei guo gong li jing miao yi wei bi ren yang shi yi 。ji an shi zuo ni zhi hou ,da chen su jiang jing chong dong yu ,ren wei zhi mu yao 。④《hou han shu 》chuan zan :shang fang yu yong wen wu 。《guo tai chuan 》:yi guan zhu ru 。tang zhong zong shou yang zai sai zhi :yi guan jiu chi 。yi guan ,zhi jin shen wang zu 。【qian jian 】xuan zong chong xin fan jiang ,er su zong xin ren zhong guan ,bi ju chao you ,shi wen wu yi guan jie yi yu xi shi yi 。⑤【chen ze zhou zhu 】an de yuan nian ,tu fan ru kou ,xian chang an ,er nian ,pu gu huai en yin hui ge 、tu fan ru kou 。you tu fan kou li quan feng tian ,dang xiang qiang kou tong zhou ,hun 、nu ci kou zheng shi 。shi shi xi bei duo shi ,gu jin gu zhen er yu shu chi 。huo wei tu fan ru chang an shi ,zheng tian xia bing mo zhi ,gu yue yu shu chi ,fei ye 。chen you yun :gong shi “chou kan bei zhi shi chang an ”,zhi kui zhou zhi bei ,ci yun “zhi bei guan shan jin gu zhen ”,zhi chang an zhi bei 。《feng chan shu 》:yin ji zhi bei .li wu di tan 。le fu you 《du guan shan qu 》。《jin shu ·liu kun chuan 》:jin gu zhen wu he qu 。cui ting bai shi :“rong ma ming xi jin gu zhen 。”《hou han shu 》:feng yi bai zheng xi da jiang jun 。《han fei zi 》:“che ma bu pi bi yu yuan fang 。”《chu han chun qiu 》:qing bu fan ,yu shu zhi 。《qian han ·xi fu gong chuan 》:jun shu jiao chi er fu cou ,yu xi chong ji er xia zhi 。⑥《shui jing zhu 》:yu long yi qiu ri wei ye 。long qiu fen er jiang ,zhe qin yu yuan ,gu yi qiu wei ye ye 。《chu ci 》:“ye ji mo ji mo ren 。”wu jun shi :“feng qi qiu jiang shang 。”⑦sang hong yang 《qing tian lun tai zou 》:“jie gu guo de 。”ruan ji shi :“nian wo ping ju shi 。”you :“deng gao you suo sai 。”qian qian yi yue :su zong shou jing hou ,wei ren zhong ren ,zhong wai duo gu ,gong bu yi yi guan pi yuan ,yin zhi jun guo zhi you ,gu you chang an shi shi zhi gan 。“mei yi bei dou wang jing hua ,”qing ji hu ci 。bai di cheng gao ,mu zhan gu guo ,jian tian bo lang ,shen jin yu long ,yue “ping ju you suo sai ”,dai yu yi cang jiang wei lao ,fen xiu qu zhi ,fu ding bai nian ju qi zhi ju 。fei tu shang wan wan ,ru xi ren yuan de ru di jing er yi 。ze zhou chen ting jing yue :gu guo ping ju you suo sai ,you yun “li li kai yuan shi ,fen ming zai mu qian ”。ci zhang mo gou ,jie ben zhang yi qi xia shu zhang 。 |
黄生曰:下四章,皆故国事,特详言之以舒其悲感耳。或谓寓讥明皇神仙游宴武功之事,是犹其人方痛哭流涕,而诬其嬉笑怒骂,岂情也哉? | huang sheng yue :xia si zhang ,jie gu guo shi ,te xiang yan zhi yi shu ji bei gan er 。huo wei yu ji ming huang shen xian you yan wu gong zhi shi ,shi you ji ren fang tong ku liu ti ,er wu ji xi xiao nu ma ,qi qing ye zai ? |
其五 | ji wu |
蓬莱高阙对南山①,承露金茎霄汉间②。西望瑶池降王母③,东来紫气满函关④。云移雉尾开宫扇,日绕龙鳞识圣颜⑤。一卧沧江惊岁晚⑥,几回青琐点朝班⑦。 | peng lai gao que dui na shan ①,cheng lou jin jing xiao han jian ②。xi wang yao chi jiang wang mu ③,dong lai zi qi man han guan ④。yun yi zhi wei kai gong shan ,ri rao long lin shi sheng yan ⑤。yi wo cang jiang jing sui wan ⑥,ji hui qing suo dian chao ban ⑦。 |
(五章,思长安宫阙,叹朝宁之久违也。上四,记殿前之景。下四,溯入朝之事。官在龙首冈,前对南山,西眺瑶池,东瞰函关,极言气象之巍峨轩敞。而当时崇奉神仙之意,则见于言外。【钱笺】仪卫森严之地,公以布衣召见,所谓“往时文彩动人主”也。末句朝班,方及拾遗移官之事。赵大纲曰:雉扇数开,望之如云也。龙颜日映,就之如日也。【陈泽州注】此诗前六句是明皇时事。一卧沧江,是代宗时事,青琐朝班,是肃宗时事。前言天宝之盛,陡然截住,陡接末联,他人为此,中间当有几许繁絮矣。卧沧江,病夔州。惊岁晚,感秋深。几回青琐,言立朝止几度也。此章用对结,未两章亦然。 | (wu zhang ,sai chang an gong que ,tan chao ning zhi jiu wei ye 。shang si ,ji dian qian zhi jing 。xia si ,su ru chao zhi shi 。guan zai long shou gang ,qian dui na shan ,xi tiao yao chi ,dong kan han guan ,ji yan qi xiang zhi wei e xuan chang 。er dang shi chong feng shen xian zhi yi ,ze jian yu yan wai 。【qian jian 】yi wei sen yan zhi de ,gong yi bu yi shao jian ,suo wei “wang shi wen cai dong ren zhu ”ye 。mo gou chao ban ,fang ji she wei yi guan zhi shi 。zhao da gang yue :zhi shan shu kai ,wang zhi ru yun ye 。long yan ri ying ,jiu zhi ru ri ye 。【chen ze zhou zhu 】ci shi qian liu gou shi ming huang shi shi 。yi wo cang jiang ,shi dai zong shi shi ,qing suo chao ban ,shi su zong shi shi 。qian yan tian bao zhi cheng ,dou ran jie zhu ,dou jie mo lian ,ta ren wei ci ,zhong jian dang you ji hu fan xu yi 。wo cang jiang ,bing kui zhou 。jing sui wan ,gan qiu shen 。ji hui qing suo ,yan li chao zhi ji du ye 。ci zhang yong dui jie ,wei liang zhang yi ran 。 |
①《唐会要》:大明宫,龙朔三年号曰蓬莱宫,北据高原,南望爽垲,每天晴日朗,南望终南山如指掌,京城坊市街陌如在槛内。《雍录》:自丹凤门北,则有含元殿,又北则有宣政殿,又北则有紫宸殿,三殿南北相沓,皆在山上,至紫宸又北而为蓬莱,则山势尽矣。丰存礼云:宫阙,旧本作仙阙为是,与下文宫扇不犯重。《杜臆》从之。今按:宫,当作高,盖字近而讹耳。陆机《洛记》:“高阙十二间。”班婕好赋:“登薄躯于宫阙兮。”②班固《西都赋》:“抗仙掌以承露,攫双立之金茎。”注:“金茎,铜柱也。”【陈泽州注】汉武承露铜柱,在建章宫西,建章宫,在长安城外西北隅。唐东内在京城东北,不闻有承露盘事。此盖言唐开、宝宫阙之盛。又以明皇好道,故以蓬莱承露、瑶池紫气,连类言之,不必实有金茎。《剧谈录》:“含元殿,国初建造,仰观玉座,如在霄汉。”③【陈注】唐公主如金仙、玉真之类,多为道士,筑观京师,西望瑶池,盖言道观之盛。《唐会要》:太清宫,荐享圣祖玄元皇帝,奏混成紫极之乐。东来紫气,盖言太清之尊,与上宫阙一类。或以瑶池王母,喻贵妃之册为太真,紫气函关,讥玄元之降於永昌,如此说,是追数先皇之失,非回忆前朝之盛矣。张衡《四愁诗》:“侧身西望涕沾裳。”《列子》:周穆王肆意远游,升昆仑之丘,遂宾于西王母,触于瑶池之上。《汉武内传》:七月七日,上齐居承华殿,忽青鸟从西来,集殿前。上问东方朔,朔曰:“此西王母欲来也。”④《关尹内传》:关令尹喜常登楼望,见东极有紫气西迈,曰:“应有圣人经过京邑。”乃斋戒。其日果见老君乘青牛车来过。【钱笺】天宝元年,田同秀见老君降于永昌街,云有灵宝符在函谷关尹喜宅傍。上发使求得之。瑶池,本对函关,以声律不谐,故句中参用变通之法。⑤阴铿诗:“云移莲势出。”《仪卫志》:唐制有雉尾障扇。崔豹《古今注》:雉尾扇,起于殷世。高宗时,有雉雊之样,服章多用翟羽,缉雉羽以为扇,以障翳风尘。朱注云:《唐会要》:开元中萧嵩奏,每月朔望,皇帝受朝于宣政殿,宸仪肃穆,升降俯仰,众人不合得而见之。请各羽扇,上将出,扇合,坐定,乃去扇。唯宸仪不欲令人见,故必俟扇开日绕,始得望见圣颜。云移,状障扇之两开。龙鳞,谓衮衣之龙章。【陈注】史称明皇仪范伟丽,有非常之表。《子虚赋》:“照烂龙鳞。”《世说》:诸葛亮曰:“今日复睹圣颜。”⑥一卧沧江,本谢安高卧东山。任昉诗:“沧江路穷此。”鲍照诗:“沉吟芳岁晚。”⑦范云诗:“几回明月夜,飞梦到江边。”青琐,官中门名,注别见。楼钥曰:点,与玷同,古诗多用之。束皙《补亡》诗:“鲜侔晨葩,莫之点辱。”左思《二唐兄弟赞》:“二唐洁己,乃点乃污。”陆厥《答内兄希叔》诗:“既叨金马署,复点铜龙门。”沈约《奏弹王源》:“点世家声,将被比屋。”子美正承诸贤用字例也。焦竑云:王建诗:“殿前传点各依班,召对西来入诏蛮。”盖唐人屡用之,亦可证杜诗之不音玷矣。沈约《奏弹孔稚珪文》:正臣稚珪,历奉朝班。卢德水疑上四用宫殿字太多,五六似早朝诗语。今按:赋长安景亭,自当以宫殿为首,所谓“不睹皇居壮,安知天子尊也。公以布衣召见,感荷主知,故追忆入朝觐君之事,没齿不忘。若必全首俱说秋景,则笔下有秋,意中无兴矣。此章下六句,俱用一虚字二实字於句尾,如“降王母”、“满函关”、“开宫扇”、“识圣颜”、“惊岁晚”、“点朝班”,句法相似,未免犯上尾叠足之病矣。 | ①《tang hui yao 》:da ming gong ,long shuo san nian hao yue peng lai gong ,bei ju gao yuan ,na wang shuang kai ,mei tian qing ri lang ,na wang zhong na shan ru zhi zhang ,jing cheng fang shi jie mo ru zai jian nei 。《yong lu 》:zi dan feng men bei ,ze you han yuan dian ,you bei ze you xuan zheng dian ,you bei ze you zi chen dian ,san dian na bei xiang da ,jie zai shan shang ,zhi zi chen you bei er wei peng lai ,ze shan shi jin yi 。feng cun li yun :gong que ,jiu ben zuo xian que wei shi ,yu xia wen gong shan bu fan chong 。《du yi 》cong zhi 。jin an :gong ,dang zuo gao ,gai zi jin er e er 。liu ji 《luo ji 》:“gao que shi er jian 。”ban jie hao fu :“deng bao qu yu gong que xi 。”②ban gu 《xi dou fu 》:“kang xian zhang yi cheng lou ,jue shuang li zhi jin jing 。”zhu :“jin jing ,tong zhu ye 。”【chen ze zhou zhu 】han wu cheng lou tong zhu ,zai jian zhang gong xi ,jian zhang gong ,zai chang an cheng wai xi bei yu 。tang dong nei zai jing cheng dong bei ,bu wen you cheng lou pan shi 。ci gai yan tang kai 、bao gong que zhi cheng 。you yi ming huang hao dao ,gu yi peng lai cheng lou 、yao chi zi qi ,lian lei yan zhi ,bu bi shi you jin jing 。《ju tan lu 》:“han yuan dian ,guo chu jian zao ,yang guan yu zuo ,ru zai xiao han 。”③【chen zhu 】tang gong zhu ru jin xian 、yu zhen zhi lei ,duo wei dao shi ,zhu guan jing shi ,xi wang yao chi ,gai yan dao guan zhi cheng 。《tang hui yao 》:tai qing gong ,jian xiang sheng zu xuan yuan huang di ,zou hun cheng zi ji zhi le 。dong lai zi qi ,gai yan tai qing zhi zun ,yu shang gong que yi lei 。huo yi yao chi wang mu ,yu gui fei zhi ce wei tai zhen ,zi qi han guan ,ji xuan yuan zhi jiang wu yong chang ,ru ci shui ,shi zhui shu xian huang zhi shi ,fei hui yi qian chao zhi cheng yi 。zhang heng 《si chou shi 》:“ce shen xi wang ti zhan chang 。”《lie zi 》:zhou mu wang si yi yuan you ,sheng kun lun zhi qiu ,sui bin yu xi wang mu ,chu yu yao chi zhi shang 。《han wu nei chuan 》:qi yue qi ri ,shang ji ju cheng hua dian ,hu qing diao cong xi lai ,ji dian qian 。shang wen dong fang shuo ,shuo yue :“ci xi wang mu yu lai ye 。”④《guan yin nei chuan 》:guan ling yin xi chang deng lou wang ,jian dong ji you zi qi xi mai ,yue :“ying you sheng ren jing guo jing yi 。”nai zhai jie 。ji ri guo jian lao jun cheng qing niu che lai guo 。【qian jian 】tian bao yuan nian ,tian tong xiu jian lao jun jiang yu yong chang jie ,yun you ling bao fu zai han gu guan yin xi zhai bang 。shang fa shi qiu de zhi 。yao chi ,ben dui han guan ,yi sheng lv bu xie ,gu gou zhong can yong bian tong zhi fa 。⑤yin keng shi :“yun yi lian shi chu 。”《yi wei zhi 》:tang zhi you zhi wei zhang shan 。cui bao 《gu jin zhu 》:zhi wei shan ,qi yu yan shi 。gao zong shi ,you zhi gou zhi yang ,fu zhang duo yong di yu ,ji zhi yu yi wei shan ,yi zhang yi feng chen 。zhu zhu yun :《tang hui yao 》:kai yuan zhong xiao song zou ,mei yue shuo wang ,huang di shou chao yu xuan zheng dian ,chen yi su mu ,sheng jiang fu yang ,zhong ren bu ge de er jian zhi 。qing ge yu shan ,shang jiang chu ,shan ge ,zuo ding ,nai qu shan 。wei chen yi bu yu ling ren jian ,gu bi qi shan kai ri rao ,shi de wang jian sheng yan 。yun yi ,zhuang zhang shan zhi liang kai 。long lin ,wei gun yi zhi long zhang 。【chen zhu 】shi chen ming huang yi fan wei li ,you fei chang zhi biao 。《zi xu fu 》:“zhao lan long lin 。”《shi shui 》:zhu ge liang yue :“jin ri fu du sheng yan 。”⑥yi wo cang jiang ,ben xie an gao wo dong shan 。ren fang shi :“cang jiang lu qiong ci 。”bao zhao shi :“chen yin fang sui wan 。”⑦fan yun shi :“ji hui ming yue ye ,fei meng dao jiang bian 。”qing suo ,guan zhong men ming ,zhu bie jian 。lou yao yue :dian ,yu dian tong ,gu shi duo yong zhi 。shu xi 《bu wang 》shi :“xian mou chen pa ,mo zhi dian ru 。”zuo sai 《er tang xiong di zan 》:“er tang jie ji ,nai dian nai wu 。”liu jue 《da nei xiong xi shu 》shi :“ji dao jin ma shu ,fu dian tong long men 。”shen yao 《zou dan wang yuan 》:“dian shi jia sheng ,jiang bei bi wu 。”zi mei zheng cheng zhu xian yong zi li ye 。jiao hong yun :wang jian shi :“dian qian chuan dian ge yi ban ,shao dui xi lai ru zhao man 。”gai tang ren lv yong zhi ,yi ke zheng du shi zhi bu yin dian yi 。shen yao 《zou dan kong zhi gui wen 》:zheng chen zhi gui ,li feng chao ban 。lu de shui yi shang si yong gong dian zi tai duo ,wu liu shi zao chao shi yu 。jin an :fu chang an jing ting ,zi dang yi gong dian wei shou ,suo wei “bu du huang ju zhuang ,an zhi tian zi zun ye 。gong yi bu yi shao jian ,gan he zhu zhi ,gu zhui yi ru chao jin jun zhi shi ,mei chi bu wang 。re bi quan shou ju shui qiu jing ,ze bi xia you qiu ,yi zhong mo xing yi 。ci zhang xia liu gou ,ju yong yi xu zi er shi zi wu gou wei ,ru “jiang wang mu ”、“man han guan ”、“kai gong shan ”、“shi sheng yan ”、“jing sui wan ”、“dian chao ban ”,gou fa xiang shi ,wei mian fan shang wei die zu zhi bing yi 。 |
其六 | ji liu |
瞿唐峡口曲江头①,万里风烟接素秋②。花萼夹城通御气③,芙蓉小苑入边愁④。珠帘绣柱围黄鹄⑤,锦缆牙樯起白鸥⑥。回首可怜歌舞地⑦,秦中自古帝王州⑧。 | ju tang xia kou qu jiang tou ①,mo li feng yan jie su qiu ②。hua e ga cheng tong yu qi ③,fu rong xiao yuan ru bian chou ④。zhu lian xiu zhu wei huang gu ⑤,jin lan ya qiang qi bai ou ⑥。hui shou ke lian ge wu de ⑦,qin zhong zi gu di wang zhou ⑧。 |
(六章,思长安曲江,叹当时之游幸也。上四,叙致乱之由。下四,伤盛时难再。瞿峡曲江,地悬万里,而风烟遥接,同一萧森矣。长安之乱,起自明皇,故追叙昔年游幸始末。《杜臆》:城通御气,前则敦伦勤政。苑入边愁,后则耽乐召忧。见一人之身,而理乱顿殊也。因想边愁未入之先,江上离宫,珠帘围鹄,江间画舫,锦缆惊鸥,曲江歌舞之场,回首失之,岂不可怜!然秦中自古建都之地,王气犹存,安知今日之乱,不转为他日之治乎?【钱笺】万里风烟,即所谓“塞上风云接地阴”也。【顾注】宫殿密而黄鹄之举若围,舟楫多而白鸥之游忽起,此皆实景。旧云柱帷绣作黄鹄文者,非。【陈泽州注】曲江与乐游园、杏园、慈恩寺等相近,地本秦汉遗迹,唐开元中,疏凿更为胜境,故有末二句。帝王州,又起下汉武帝。) | (liu zhang ,sai chang an qu jiang ,tan dang shi zhi you xing ye 。shang si ,xu zhi luan zhi you 。xia si ,shang cheng shi nan zai 。ju xia qu jiang ,de xuan mo li ,er feng yan yao jie ,tong yi xiao sen yi 。chang an zhi luan ,qi zi ming huang ,gu zhui xu xi nian you xing shi mo 。《du yi 》:cheng tong yu qi ,qian ze dui lun qin zheng 。yuan ru bian chou ,hou ze dan le shao you 。jian yi ren zhi shen ,er li luan du shu ye 。yin xiang bian chou wei ru zhi xian ,jiang shang li gong ,zhu lian wei gu ,jiang jian hua fang ,jin lan jing ou ,qu jiang ge wu zhi chang ,hui shou shi zhi ,qi bu ke lian !ran qin zhong zi gu jian dou zhi de ,wang qi you cun ,an zhi jin ri zhi luan ,bu zhuai wei ta ri zhi zhi hu ?【qian jian 】mo li feng yan ,ji suo wei “sai shang feng yun jie de yin ”ye 。【gu zhu 】gong dian mi er huang gu zhi ju re wei ,zhou ji duo er bai ou zhi you hu qi ,ci jie shi jing 。jiu yun zhu wei xiu zuo huang gu wen zhe ,fei 。【chen ze zhou zhu 】qu jiang yu le you yuan 、xing yuan 、ci en si deng xiang jin ,de ben qin han wei ji ,tang kai yuan zhong ,shu zao geng wei sheng jing ,gu you mo er gou 。di wang zhou ,you qi xia han wu di 。) |
①《方舆胜览》:瞿塘峡,在夔州东一里,旧名西陵峡,乃三峡之门。陆机《辩亡论》:“谨守峡江口。”《剧谈录》:曲江池,唐开元中疏凿为胜境,花卉环周,烟水明媚,都人游赏盛於中和上巳节。刘《小说》:园本古曲江,文帝恶其名曲,改名芙蓉,为其水盛而芙蓉富也②韦鼎诗:“万里风烟异。”刘琨诗:“繁英落素秋。”注:“秋西方白色,故曰素秋。”③《旧唐书》:南内曰兴庆宫,宫西南隅有花萼相辉勤政务本之楼。开元二十六年六月,遣范安及于长安,广花萼楼,筑夹城,至芙蓉苑。《长安志》:开元二十年,筑夹城,入芙蓉园,自大明宫夹罗城复道,经通化门,以达南内兴庆宫,次经明春延喜门,至曲江芙蓉园,而外人不之知也。张正见诗:“御气响钧天。”④【钱笺】禄山反报至,帝欲迁幸,登兴庆宫花萼楼置洒,四顾凄怆,所谓“小苑入边愁”也。小苑,指宜春苑。《一统志》:芙蓉苑,即秦宜春苑地。《汉书·萧望之传》:“署小苑东门候。”庾信诗:“停车小苑外。”陈苏子卿诗,“故乡梦中近,边愁酒上宽。”⑤《西京杂记》:昭阳殿,织珠为帘。裴子野诗:“流云飘绣柱。”《西京杂记》:昭帝始元元年,黄鹄下建章太液池中,帝作歌。⑥庾信诗:“锦缆回砂碛。”《哀江南赋》:“铁轴牙樯。”古诗:“象牙作帆樯。”《埤苍》:“樯尾,锐如牙也。”何逊诗:“可怜双白鸥,朝夕水上游。”⑦王粲《七哀》诗:“南登灞陵岸,回首望长安。”庾信诗:“正自古来歌舞地。”⑧《史记·刘敬传》:“轻骑一日一夜可至秦中。”谢脁诗:“江南佳丽地,金陵帝王州。”《秦纪》:卫鞅说孝公曰:“秦据河山之固,东向以制诸侯,此帝王之业也。”泽州陈廷敬曰:此承上章,先宫殿而后池苑也。下继昆明二章,先内苑而及城外也。上下四章,皆前六句长安,后二句夔州。此章在中间,首句从瞿唐引端,下六则专言长安事,俱见章法变化。 | ①《fang yu sheng lan 》:ju tang xia ,zai kui zhou dong yi li ,jiu ming xi ling xia ,nai san xia zhi men 。liu ji 《bian wang lun 》:“jin shou xia jiang kou 。”《ju tan lu 》:qu jiang chi ,tang kai yuan zhong shu zao wei sheng jing ,hua hui huan zhou ,yan shui ming mei ,dou ren you shang cheng wu zhong he shang si jie 。liu 《xiao shui 》:yuan ben gu qu jiang ,wen di e ji ming qu ,gai ming fu rong ,wei ji shui cheng er fu rong fu ye ②wei ding shi :“mo li feng yan yi 。”liu kun shi :“fan ying la su qiu 。”zhu :“qiu xi fang bai se ,gu yue su qiu 。”③《jiu tang shu 》:na nei yue xing qing gong ,gong xi na yu you hua e xiang hui qin zheng wu ben zhi lou 。kai yuan er shi liu nian liu yue ,qian fan an ji yu chang an ,an hua e lou ,zhu ga cheng ,zhi fu rong yuan 。《chang an zhi 》:kai yuan er shi nian ,zhu ga cheng ,ru fu rong yuan ,zi da ming gong ga luo cheng fu dao ,jing tong hua men ,yi da na nei xing qing gong ,ci jing ming chun yan xi men ,zhi qu jiang fu rong yuan ,er wai ren bu zhi zhi ye 。zhang zheng jian shi :“yu qi xiang jun tian 。”④【qian jian 】lu shan fan bao zhi ,di yu qian xing ,deng xing qing gong hua e lou zhi sa ,si gu qi chuang ,suo wei “xiao yuan ru bian chou ”ye 。xiao yuan ,zhi yi chun yuan 。《yi tong zhi 》:fu rong yuan ,ji qin yi chun yuan de 。《han shu ·xiao wang zhi chuan 》:“shu xiao yuan dong men hou 。”yu xin shi :“ting che xiao yuan wai 。”chen su zi qing shi ,“gu xiang meng zhong jin ,bian chou jiu shang kuan 。”⑤《xi jing za ji 》:zhao yang dian ,zhi zhu wei lian 。pei zi ye shi :“liu yun piao xiu zhu 。”《xi jing za ji 》:zhao di shi yuan yuan nian ,huang gu xia jian zhang tai ye chi zhong ,di zuo ge 。⑥yu xin shi :“jin lan hui sha qi 。”《ai jiang na fu 》:“tie zhou ya qiang 。”gu shi :“xiang ya zuo fan qiang 。”《pi cang 》:“qiang wei ,rui ru ya ye 。”he xun shi :“ke lian shuang bai ou ,chao xi shui shang you 。”⑦wang can 《qi ai 》shi :“na deng ba ling an ,hui shou wang chang an 。”yu xin shi :“zheng zi gu lai ge wu de 。”⑧《shi ji ·liu jing chuan 》:“qing ji yi ri yi ye ke zhi qin zhong 。”xie tiao shi :“jiang na jia li de ,jin ling di wang zhou 。”《qin ji 》:wei yang shui xiao gong yue :“qin ju he shan zhi gu ,dong xiang yi zhi zhu hou ,ci di wang zhi ye ye 。”ze zhou chen ting jing yue :ci cheng shang zhang ,xian gong dian er hou chi yuan ye 。xia ji kun ming er zhang ,xian nei yuan er ji cheng wai ye 。shang xia si zhang ,jie qian liu gou chang an ,hou er gou kui zhou 。ci zhang zai zhong jian ,shou gou cong ju tang yin duan ,xia liu ze zhuan yan chang an shi ,ju jian zhang fa bian hua 。 |
其七 | ji qi |
昆明池水汉时功①,武帝旌旗在眼中②。织女机丝虚夜月,石鲸鳞甲动秋风③。波漂菰米沉云黑④,露冷莲房坠粉红⑤。关塞极天唯鸟道⑥,江湖满地一渔翁⑦。 | kun ming chi shui han shi gong ①,wu di jing qi zai yan zhong ②。zhi nv ji si xu ye yue ,dan jing lin jia dong qiu feng ③。bo piao gu mi chen yun hei ④,lou leng lian fang zhui fen gong ⑤。guan sai ji tian wei diao dao ⑥,jiang hu man de yi yu weng ⑦。 |
(七章,思长安昆明池,而叹景物之远离也。织女二句,记池景之壮丽,承上眼中来。波漂二句,想池景之苍凉,转下关塞去。于四句分截,方见曲折生动。旧说将中四句作伤感其衰,《杜臆》作追溯其盛,此独分出一盛一衰,何也?曰:织女鲸鱼,亘古不移,而菰米莲房,逢秋零落,故以兴已之漂流衰谢耳。穿昆明以习水战,其迹起于武帝,此云旌旗在眼,是借汉言唐。若远谈汉事,岂可云在眼中乎?公《寄岳州贾司马》诗:“无复云台仗,虚修水战船。”则知明皇曾置船于此矣。身阻鸟道,而迹比渔翁,以见还京无期,不复睹王居之盛也。【陈泽州注】关塞,即塞上风云。江,即江间波浪。带言湖者,地势接近,将赴荆南也。公诗“天入沧浪一钓舟”,“独把钓竿终远去”,皆以渔翁自比。) | (qi zhang ,sai chang an kun ming chi ,er tan jing wu zhi yuan li ye 。zhi nv er gou ,ji chi jing zhi zhuang li ,cheng shang yan zhong lai 。bo piao er gou ,xiang chi jing zhi cang liang ,zhuai xia guan sai qu 。yu si gou fen jie ,fang jian qu she sheng dong 。jiu shui jiang zhong si gou zuo shang gan ji cui ,《du yi 》zuo zhui su ji cheng ,ci du fen chu yi cheng yi cui ,he ye ?yue :zhi nv jing yu ,gen gu bu yi ,er gu mi lian fang ,feng qiu ling la ,gu yi xing yi zhi piao liu cui xie er 。chuan kun ming yi xi shui zhan ,ji ji qi yu wu di ,ci yun jing qi zai yan ,shi jie han yan tang 。re yuan tan han shi ,qi ke yun zai yan zhong hu ?gong 《ji yue zhou gu si ma 》shi :“mo fu yun tai zhang ,xu xiu shui zhan chuan 。”ze zhi ming huang ceng zhi chuan yu ci yi 。shen zu diao dao ,er ji bi yu weng ,yi jian hai jing mo ji ,bu fu du wang ju zhi cheng ye 。【chen ze zhou zhu 】guan sai ,ji sai shang feng yun 。jiang ,ji jiang jian bo lang 。dai yan hu zhe ,de shi jie jin ,jiang fu jing na ye 。gong shi “tian ru cang lang yi diao zhou ”,“du ba diao gan zhong yuan qu ”,jie yi yu weng zi bi 。) |
①《汉书》:元狩三年,发谪吏,穿昆明池。臣瓒曰:《西南夷传》:越巂昆明国有滇池,方三百里,汉使求通身毒国,为昆明所闭。欲伐之,故作昆明池,象之以习水战,在长安西南,周回四十里。《长安志》:昆明池,在长安县西二十里。虞茂诗:“昆明池水秋色明。”②《史记·平准书》:武帝大修昆明池,治楼船高十余丈,旗帜加其上,甚壮。《西京杂记》:昆明池中,有戈船楼船各数百艘,楼船上建楼橹,戈船上建戈矛,四角垂幡旄葆麾盖,照灼涯涘。《家语》:“旌旗缤纷。”徐陵诗:“密意眼中来。” | ①《han shu 》:yuan shou san nian ,fa zhe li ,chuan kun ming chi 。chen zan yue :《xi na yi chuan 》:yue gui kun ming guo you dian chi ,fang san bai li ,han shi qiu tong shen du guo ,wei kun ming suo bi 。yu fa zhi ,gu zuo kun ming chi ,xiang zhi yi xi shui zhan ,zai chang an xi na ,zhou hui si shi li 。《chang an zhi 》:kun ming chi ,zai chang an xian xi er shi li 。yu mao shi :“kun ming chi shui qiu se ming 。”②《shi ji ·ping zhun shu 》:wu di da xiu kun ming chi ,zhi lou chuan gao shi yu zhang ,qi zhi jia ji shang ,shen zhuang 。《xi jing za ji 》:kun ming chi zhong ,you ge chuan lou chuan ge shu bai sou ,lou chuan shang jian lou lu ,ge chuan shang jian ge mao ,si jiao chui fan mao bao hui gai ,zhao zhuo ya si 。《jia yu 》:“jing qi bin fen 。”xu ling shi :“mi yi yan zhong lai 。” |
③曹毗《志怪》:昆明池作二石人,东西相望,像牵牛织女。晋夏歌:“昼夜理机丝。”虚夜、动秋,静与动对。《西京杂记》:昆明池刻玉石为鲸鱼,每至雷雨常鸣吼,髻尾皆动。刘孝威诗:“雷奔石鲸动,水阔牵牛遥。”蔡邕《汉律赋》:“鳞甲育其万物。”④陈琳檄:“随波漂流。”《本草图经》:菰,即茭白,其台中有黑者,谓之茭郁,后结实,雕菰米也。庾肩吾诗:“黑米生菰葑,青花出稻苗。”赵次公曰:沉云黑,言菰米之多,一望黯黯如云之黑也。鲍照诗:“沉云日夕昏。”蔡邕《月令章句》:阴者,密云也,沉者,云之重也。沉云意本此。王褒诗:“塞近边云黑。”⑤陶潜诗:”昔为三春蕖,今作秋莲房。”庾肩吾诗:“秋树翻红叶,寒池坠黑莲。”徐孝伯诗:“讵识铅粉红。”【邵注】莲初结子,花蒂褪落,故坠粉红。⑥庾肩吾诗:“辇道同关塞。”《孔丛子》:“世人言高者,必以极天为称。”《南中八志》:“鸟道四百里,以其险绝,兽犹无蹊,特上有飞鸟之道耳。”⑦《列子》:“身在江湖之中。”隋《望江南曲》:“游子不归生满地。”傅玄诗:“渭滨渔钓翁,乃为周所谘。”杨慎曰:隋任希古《昆明池应制》诗,“回眺牵牛渚,激赏钟鲸川。”便见太平宴乐气象。今一变云:“织女机丝虚夜月,石鲸鳞甲动秋风。”读之,则荒烟野草之悲,见于言外矣。《西京杂记》:太液池中有雕菰,紫箨绿节,尧雏雁子,唼喋其间。《三辅黄图》云:宫人泛舟采莲,为巴人棹歌,便见人物游戏,宫沼富贵。今一变云:“波漂菰米沉云黑,露冷莲房坠粉红。”读之,则兵戈乱离之状俱见矣。杜诗之妙,在能翻古语,千家注无有引此者,因悟杜诗之妙如此。 | ③cao pi 《zhi guai 》:kun ming chi zuo er dan ren ,dong xi xiang wang ,xiang qian niu zhi nv 。jin xia ge :“zhou ye li ji si 。”xu ye 、dong qiu ,jing yu dong dui 。《xi jing za ji 》:kun ming chi ke yu dan wei jing yu ,mei zhi lei yu chang ming hou ,ji wei jie dong 。liu xiao wei shi :“lei ben dan jing dong ,shui kuo qian niu yao 。”cai yong 《han lv fu 》:“lin jia yo ji mo wu 。”④chen lin xi :“sui bo piao liu 。”《ben cao tu jing 》:gu ,ji jiao bai ,ji tai zhong you hei zhe ,wei zhi jiao yu ,hou jie shi ,diao gu mi ye 。yu jian wu shi :“hei mi sheng gu feng ,qing hua chu dao miao 。”zhao ci gong yue :chen yun hei ,yan gu mi zhi duo ,yi wang an an ru yun zhi hei ye 。bao zhao shi :“chen yun ri xi hun 。”cai yong 《yue ling zhang gou 》:yin zhe ,mi yun ye ,chen zhe ,yun zhi chong ye 。chen yun yi ben ci 。wang bao shi :“sai jin bian yun hei 。”⑤tao qian shi :”xi wei san chun qu ,jin zuo qiu lian fang 。”yu jian wu shi :“qiu shu fan gong xie ,han chi zhui hei lian 。”xu xiao bai shi :“ju shi qian fen gong 。”【shao zhu 】lian chu jie zi ,hua di tui la ,gu zhui fen gong 。⑥yu jian wu shi :“nian dao tong guan sai 。”《kong cong zi 》:“shi ren yan gao zhe ,bi yi ji tian wei chen 。”《na zhong ba zhi 》:“diao dao si bai li ,yi ji xian jue ,shou you mo qi ,te shang you fei diao zhi dao er 。”⑦《lie zi 》:“shen zai jiang hu zhi zhong 。”sui 《wang jiang na qu 》:“you zi bu gui sheng man de 。”fu xuan shi :“wei bin yu diao weng ,nai wei zhou suo zi 。”yang shen yue :sui ren xi gu 《kun ming chi ying zhi 》shi ,“hui tiao qian niu zhu ,ji shang zhong jing chuan 。”bian jian tai ping yan le qi xiang 。jin yi bian yun :“zhi nv ji si xu ye yue ,dan jing lin jia dong qiu feng 。”dou zhi ,ze huang yan ye cao zhi bei ,jian yu yan wai yi 。《xi jing za ji 》:tai ye chi zhong you diao gu ,zi tuo lu jie ,yao chu yan zi ,sha die ji jian 。《san fu huang tu 》yun :gong ren fan zhou cai lian ,wei ba ren zhao ge ,bian jian ren wu you hu ,gong zhao fu gui 。jin yi bian yun :“bo piao gu mi chen yun hei ,lou leng lian fang zhui fen gong 。”dou zhi ,ze bing ge luan li zhi zhuang ju jian yi 。du shi zhi miao ,zai neng fan gu yu ,qian jia zhu mo you yin ci zhe ,yin wu du shi zhi miao ru ci 。 |
钱谦益曰:今人论唐七律,推老杜昆明池水为冠,实不解此诗所以佳。昔人叙昆明之盛者,莫如孟坚、平子,一则曰“集乎豫章之馆,临乎昆明之池,左牵牛而右织女,若云汉之无涯。”一则曰:“豫章珍馆,揭焉中峙,牵牛立其左,织女处其右,日月于是乎出入,象扶桑与濛汜。”此杨用修所夸盛世之文也。余谓:班张以汉人叙汉事,铺陈名胜,故有云汉日月之言,杜公以唐人叙汉事,摩挲陈迹,故有夜月、秋风之句。何谓彼颂繁华,而此伤丧乱乎?菰米莲房,此补班张所未及,沉云坠粉,描画素秋景物,居然金碧粉本。池水本黑,故赋言黑水玄阯,菰米沉沉,象池水之玄黑,乃极言其繁殖也。用修言兵火残破,菰米漂沉不收,不已倍乎。又云:此紧承“秦中自古帝王州”而申言之,故时则曰汉时,帝则曰武帝。织女石鲸、莲房菰米、金堤灵沼之遗迹,与戈船楼橹并在眼中,因自伤其僻远,而不得见也。於上章末句,克指其来脈,则此中叙致褶叠环锁,了然分明矣。按:王嗣奭云:织女鲸鱼,铺张伟丽,壮千载之观;菰米莲房,物产丰饶,溥万民之利,此本追溯盛事也。说同《钱笺》。范季随《陵阳先生室中语》曰:少陵七律诗,卒章有时而对,然语意皆收结之词,今人学之,于诗尾作一景联,一篇之意,无所归宿,非诗法也。 | qian qian yi yue :jin ren lun tang qi lv ,tui lao du kun ming chi shui wei guan ,shi bu jie ci shi suo yi jia 。xi ren xu kun ming zhi cheng zhe ,mo ru meng jian 、ping zi ,yi ze yue “ji hu yu zhang zhi guan ,lin hu kun ming zhi chi ,zuo qian niu er you zhi nv ,re yun han zhi mo ya 。”yi ze yue :“yu zhang zhen guan ,jie yan zhong shi ,qian niu li ji zuo ,zhi nv chu ji you ,ri yue yu shi hu chu ru ,xiang fu sang yu 濛si 。”ci yang yong xiu suo kua cheng shi zhi wen ye 。yu wei :ban zhang yi han ren xu han shi ,pu chen ming sheng ,gu you yun han ri yue zhi yan ,du gong yi tang ren xu han shi ,ma sa chen ji ,gu you ye yue 、qiu feng zhi gou 。he wei bi song fan hua ,er ci shang sang luan hu ?gu mi lian fang ,ci bu ban zhang suo wei ji ,chen yun zhui fen ,miao hua su qiu jing wu ,ju ran jin bi fen ben 。chi shui ben hei ,gu fu yan hei shui xuan 阯,gu mi chen chen ,xiang chi shui zhi xuan hei ,nai ji yan ji fan shi ye 。yong xiu yan bing huo can po ,gu mi piao chen bu shou ,bu yi bei hu 。you yun :ci jin cheng “qin zhong zi gu di wang zhou ”er shen yan zhi ,gu shi ze yue han shi ,di ze yue wu di 。zhi nv dan jing 、lian fang gu mi 、jin di ling zhao zhi wei ji ,yu ge chuan lou lu bing zai yan zhong ,yin zi shang ji pi yuan ,er bu de jian ye 。wu shang zhang mo gou ,ke zhi ji lai 脈,ze ci zhong xu zhi zhe die huan suo ,le ran fen ming yi 。an :wang si shi yun :zhi nv jing yu ,pu zhang wei li ,zhuang qian zai zhi guan ;gu mi lian fang ,wu chan feng rao ,pu mo min zhi li ,ci ben zhui su cheng shi ye 。shui tong 《qian jian 》。fan ji sui 《ling yang xian sheng shi zhong yu 》yue :shao ling qi lv shi ,cu zhang you shi er dui ,ran yu yi jie shou jie zhi ci ,jin ren xue zhi ,yu shi wei zuo yi jing lian ,yi pian zhi yi ,mo suo gui su ,fei shi fa ye 。 |
其八 | ji ba |
昆吾御宿自逶迤①,紫阁峰阴人渼陂②。香稻啄残鹦鹉粒,碧梧栖老凤凰枝③。佳人拾翠春相问④,仙侣同舟晚更移⑤。彩笔昔曾干气象⑥,白头今望苦低垂⑦。 | kun wu yu su zi wei yi ①,zi ge feng yin ren mei bei ②。xiang dao zhuo can ying wu li ,bi wu qi lao feng huang zhi ③。jia ren she cui chun xiang wen ④,xian lv tong zhou wan geng yi ⑤。cai bi xi ceng gan qi xiang ⑥,bai tou jin wang ku di chui ⑦。 |
(八章,思长安胜境,溯旧游而叹衰老也。香稻二句,记秋时之景,连属上文。佳人二句,忆寻春之兴,引起下意。仍在四句分截。《演义》:公自长安游渼陂,必道经昆吾御宿,及至,则见紫阁峰阴,入于渼陂,所谓“半陂以南纯浸山”者是也。《唐解》:赵注以香稻一联为倒装法,诗意本谓香稻则鹦鹉啄余之粒,碧梧乃凤凰栖老之枝,盖举鹦凤以形容二物之美,非实事也。若云“鹦鹉啄余香稻粒,凤凰栖老碧梧枝,”则实有凤凰鹦鹉矣。【陈泽州注】香稻、碧悟,属昆吾御宿。拾翠、同舟,属渼陂。公《城西泛舟》诗“青蛾皓齿在楼船,横笛短萧悲远天,”所谓“佳人拾翠春相问”也。又《与岑参兄弟游渼陂行》“船舷瞑戛云际寺,水面月出蓝田关”,所谓“仙侣同舟晚更移”也。春相问,彼此问遗也。晚更移,移掉忘归也。【张綖注】气象,指山水之气象。干者,言彩笔所作,气凌山水也,即指《渼陂行》及《城西泛舟》等篇言。【朱注】此句当与《题郑监湖亭》“赋诗分气象”参看。钱笺引“气冲星象表,词感帝王尊”,解作赋诗干主,非也。【张远注】此诗末联与上章末联,皆属对结体。昔曾对今望,意本明白,旧作吟望,乃字讹耳。陈注又云:此望字与望京华相应,既望而又低垂,并不能望矣。笔于气象,昔何其壮;头白低垂,今何其惫。诗至此,声泪俱尽,故遂终焉。) | (ba zhang ,sai chang an sheng jing ,su jiu you er tan cui lao ye 。xiang dao er gou ,ji qiu shi zhi jing ,lian shu shang wen 。jia ren er gou ,yi xun chun zhi xing ,yin qi xia yi 。reng zai si gou fen jie 。《yan yi 》:gong zi chang an you mei bei ,bi dao jing kun wu yu su ,ji zhi ,ze jian zi ge feng yin ,ru yu mei bei ,suo wei “ban bei yi na chun jin shan ”zhe shi ye 。《tang jie 》:zhao zhu yi xiang dao yi lian wei dao zhuang fa ,shi yi ben wei xiang dao ze ying wu zhuo yu zhi li ,bi wu nai feng huang qi lao zhi zhi ,gai ju ying feng yi xing rong er wu zhi mei ,fei shi shi ye 。re yun “ying wu zhuo yu xiang dao li ,feng huang qi lao bi wu zhi ,”ze shi you feng huang ying wu yi 。【chen ze zhou zhu 】xiang dao 、bi wu ,shu kun wu yu su 。she cui 、tong zhou ,shu mei bei 。gong 《cheng xi fan zhou 》shi “qing e hao chi zai lou chuan ,heng di duan xiao bei yuan tian ,”suo wei “jia ren she cui chun xiang wen ”ye 。you 《yu cen can xiong di you mei bei hang 》“chuan xian ming jia yun ji si ,shui mian yue chu lan tian guan ”,suo wei “xian lv tong zhou wan geng yi ”ye 。chun xiang wen ,bi ci wen wei ye 。wan geng yi ,yi diao wang gui ye 。【zhang xian zhu 】qi xiang ,zhi shan shui zhi qi xiang 。gan zhe ,yan cai bi suo zuo ,qi ling shan shui ye ,ji zhi 《mei bei hang 》ji 《cheng xi fan zhou 》deng pian yan 。【zhu zhu 】ci gou dang yu 《ti zheng jian hu ting 》“fu shi fen qi xiang ”can kan 。qian jian yin “qi chong xing xiang biao ,ci gan di wang zun ”,jie zuo fu shi gan zhu ,fei ye 。【zhang yuan zhu 】ci shi mo lian yu shang zhang mo lian ,jie shu dui jie ti 。xi ceng dui jin wang ,yi ben ming bai ,jiu zuo yin wang ,nai zi e er 。chen zhu you yun :ci wang zi yu wang jing hua xiang ying ,ji wang er you di chui ,bing bu neng wang yi 。bi yu qi xiang ,xi he ji zhuang ;tou bai di chui ,jin he ji bei 。shi zhi ci ,sheng lei ju jin ,gu sui zhong yan 。) |
①《杜臆》:此章所思,不专在渼陂。考《名胜志》:御宿昆吾,傍南山而西,皆武帝所开上林苑,方三百里,其故基跨今盩厔、鄠、蓝田、咸宁、长安五县之境,而渼陂在鄠,昆吾御宿皆在上林苑中。曰逶迤,则延袤广矣。《羽猎赋序》:武帝广开上林,东南至宜春、鼎湖、御宿、昆吾。【金注】御宿,以武帝宿此得名。《长安志》:昆吾亭,在蓝田县境。御宿川,在万年县西南四十里。《四皓歌》:“漠漠高山,深谷逶迤。”逶迤,回远貌。②《通志》:紫阁峰,在圭峰东,旭日射之,烂然而紫,其形上耸,若楼阁然。张礼《游城南记》:圭峰紫阁,在终南山寺之西。《一统志》:紫阁峰,在鄠县东南三十里。③【陈注】公《与鄠县源大少府宴渼陂》诗有“饭抄云子白”句,说者谓云子,碎云母,以拟饭之白。《南都赋》:香稻鲜鱼。【钱笺】沈括《笔谈》及洪兴祖《楚辞补注》并作“红豆啄余鹦鹉粒”,当以《草堂》本为正。《云溪友议》:李龟年曾於湘中采访使筵上,唱“红豆生南国,春来发几枝。”徐彦伯诗:“巢君碧梧树。”《山海经》:黄山有鸟,其状如鸮,人舌能言,名曰鹦鹉。郑玄《诗笺》:“凤凰之性,非梧桐不栖”《说苑》:黄帝即位,凤集东囿,栖帝梧树,终身不去。④《楚辞》:“唯佳人之独怀。”曹植《洛神赋》:“或采明珠,或拾翠羽。”费昶诗:“芳郊拾翠人,回袖卷芳春。”【梦弼注】相问,乃诗人“杂佩以问之”之意。《前汉·娄敬传》:“数问遗。”颜注:“问遗,谓饷馈之也。遗,去声。”⑤周王褒诗:“仙侣自招携。”《后汉书》:李膺与郭泰同舟而济,众宾望之,以为神仙。⑥《南史》:江淹尝宿冶亭,梦郭璞谓曰:“吾有彩笔,在卿处多年,可以见还。”乃探怀中,得五色笔以授之。嗣后有诗绝无美句,时人谓之才尽。江淹《丽色赋》:“非气象之可譬。”⑦汉古诗:“令我白头。”司马相如《美人赋》:“铺张低垂。”吴渭潜斋曰:诗有六义,兴居其一,凡阴阳寒暑、草木鸟兽、山川风景,得于适然之感而为诗者,皆兴也。风雅多起兴,而楚骚多赋比。汉魏至唐,杰然如老杜《秋兴》八首,深诣诗人间奥,兴之入律者宗焉。 | ①《du yi 》:ci zhang suo sai ,bu zhuan zai mei bei 。kao 《ming sheng zhi 》:yu su kun wu ,bang na shan er xi ,jie wu di suo kai shang lin yuan ,fang san bai li ,ji gu ji kua jin chou shi 、hu 、lan tian 、xian ning 、chang an wu xian zhi jing ,er mei bei zai hu ,kun wu yu su jie zai shang lin yuan zhong 。yue wei yi ,ze yan mao an yi 。《yu lie fu xu 》:wu di an kai shang lin ,dong na zhi yi chun 、ding hu 、yu su 、kun wu 。【jin zhu 】yu su ,yi wu di su ci de ming 。《chang an zhi 》:kun wu ting ,zai lan tian xian jing 。yu su chuan ,zai mo nian xian xi na si shi li 。《si hao ge 》:“mo mo gao shan ,shen gu wei yi 。”wei yi ,hui yuan mao 。②《tong zhi 》:zi ge feng ,zai gui feng dong ,xu ri she zhi ,lan ran er zi ,ji xing shang song ,re lou ge ran 。zhang li 《you cheng na ji 》:gui feng zi ge ,zai zhong na shan si zhi xi 。《yi tong zhi 》:zi ge feng ,zai hu xian dong na san shi li 。③【chen zhu 】gong 《yu hu xian yuan da shao fu yan mei bei 》shi you “fan chao yun zi bai ”gou ,shui zhe wei yun zi ,sui yun mu ,yi ni fan zhi bai 。《na dou fu 》:xiang dao xian yu 。【qian jian 】shen gua 《bi tan 》ji hong xing zu 《chu ci bu zhu 》bing zuo “gong dou zhuo yu ying wu li ”,dang yi 《cao tang 》ben wei zheng 。《yun xi you yi 》:li gui nian ceng wu xiang zhong cai fang shi yan shang ,chang “gong dou sheng na guo ,chun lai fa ji zhi 。”xu yan bai shi :“chao jun bi wu shu 。”《shan hai jing 》:huang shan you diao ,ji zhuang ru xiao ,ren she neng yan ,ming yue ying wu 。zheng xuan 《shi jian 》:“feng huang zhi xing ,fei wu tong bu qi ”《shui yuan 》:huang di ji wei ,feng ji dong you ,qi di wu shu ,zhong shen bu qu 。④《chu ci 》:“wei jia ren zhi du huai 。”cao zhi 《luo shen fu 》:“huo cai ming zhu ,huo she cui yu 。”fei chang shi :“fang jiao she cui ren ,hui xiu juan fang chun 。”【meng bi zhu 】xiang wen ,nai shi ren “za pei yi wen zhi ”zhi yi 。《qian han ·lou jing chuan 》:“shu wen wei 。”yan zhu :“wen wei ,wei xiang kui zhi ye 。wei ,qu sheng 。”⑤zhou wang bao shi :“xian lv zi qiao xie 。”《hou han shu 》:li ying yu guo tai tong zhou er ji ,zhong bin wang zhi ,yi wei shen xian 。⑥《na shi 》:jiang yan chang su ye ting ,meng guo pu wei yue :“wu you cai bi ,zai qing chu duo nian ,ke yi jian hai 。”nai tan huai zhong ,de wu se bi yi shou zhi 。si hou you shi jue mo mei gou ,shi ren wei zhi cai jin 。jiang yan 《li se fu 》:“fei qi xiang zhi ke pi 。”⑦han gu shi :“ling wo bai tou 。”si ma xiang ru 《mei ren fu 》:“pu zhang di chui 。”wu wei qian zhai yue :shi you liu yi ,xing ju ji yi ,fan yin yang han shu 、cao mu diao shou 、shan chuan feng jing ,de yu kuo ran zhi gan er wei shi zhe ,jie xing ye 。feng ya duo qi xing ,er chu sao duo fu bi 。han wei zhi tang ,jie ran ru lao du 《qiu xing 》ba shou ,shen yi shi ren jian ao ,xing zhi ru lv zhe zong yan 。 |
张綖曰:《秋兴》八首,皆雄浑丰丽,沉着痛决,其有感于长安者,但极摹其盛,而所感自寓於中。徐而味之,则凡怀乡恋阙之情,慨往伤今之意,与夫外夷乱华,小人病国,风俗之非旧,盛衰之相寻,所谓不胜其悲者,固已不出乎意言之表矣。卓哉一家之言,夐然百世之上,此杜子所以为诗人之宗仰也。 | zhang xian yue :《qiu xing 》ba shou ,jie xiong hun feng li ,chen zhao tong jue ,ji you gan yu chang an zhe ,dan ji mo ji cheng ,er suo gan zi yu wu zhong 。xu er wei zhi ,ze fan huai xiang lian que zhi qing ,kai wang shang jin zhi yi ,yu fu wai yi luan hua ,xiao ren bing guo ,feng su zhi fei jiu ,cheng cui zhi xiang xun ,suo wei bu sheng ji bei zhe ,gu yi bu chu hu yi yan zhi biao yi 。zhuo zai yi jia zhi yan ,xiong ran bai shi zhi shang ,ci du zi suo yi wei shi ren zhi zong yang ye 。 |
陈继儒曰:云霞满空,回翔万状,天风吹海,怒涛飞涌,可喻老杜《秋兴》诸篇。 | chen ji ru yue :yun xia man kong ,hui xiang mo zhuang ,tian feng chui hai ,nu tao fei chong ,ke yu lao du 《qiu xing 》zhu pian 。 |
郝敬曰:《秋兴》八首,富丽之词,沉浑之气,力扛九鼎,勇夺三军,真大方家如椽之笔。王元美谓其藻绣太过,肌肤太肥,造语牵率而情不接,结响奏合而意未调,如此诸篇,往往有之。由其材大而气厚,格高而声弘,如万石之钟,不能为喁喁细向,河流万里,那得不千里一曲?子美之于诗,兼综条贯,非单丝独竹,一戛一击,可以论宫商者也。又曰:八首,声韵雉畅,词采高华,气象冠冕,是真足虎视词坛,独步一世。 | hao jing yue :《qiu xing 》ba shou ,fu li zhi ci ,chen hun zhi qi ,li gang jiu ding ,yong duo san jun ,zhen da fang jia ru chuan zhi bi 。wang yuan mei wei ji zao xiu tai guo ,ji fu tai fei ,zao yu qian lv er qing bu jie ,jie xiang zou ge er yi wei diao ,ru ci zhu pian ,wang wang you zhi 。you ji cai da er qi hou ,ge gao er sheng hong ,ru mo dan zhi zhong ,bu neng wei yong yong xi xiang ,he liu mo li ,na de bu qian li yi qu ?zi mei zhi yu shi ,jian zeng tiao guan ,fei chan si du zhu ,yi jia yi ji ,ke yi lun gong shang zhe ye 。you yue :ba shou ,sheng yun zhi chang ,ci cai gao hua ,qi xiang guan mian ,shi zhen zu hu shi ci tan ,du bu yi shi 。 |
泽州陈冢宰廷敬曰:《秋兴八首》,命意练句之妙,自不必言、即以章法论:分之如骇鸡之犀,四面皆见;合之如常山之阵,首尾互应。前人皆云李如《史记》,杜如《汉书》,予独谓不然,杜合子长、孟坚为一手者也。 | ze zhou chen zhong zai ting jing yue :《qiu xing ba shou 》,ming yi lian gou zhi miao ,zi bu bi yan 、ji yi zhang fa lun :fen zhi ru hai ji zhi xi ,si mian jie jian ;ge zhi ru chang shan zhi zhen ,shou wei hu ying 。qian ren jie yun li ru 《shi ji 》,du ru 《han shu 》,yu du wei bu ran ,du ge zi chang 、meng jian wei yi shou zhe ye 。 |
-----------仇兆鳌 《杜诗详注》----------- | -----------chou zhao ao 《du shi xiang zhu 》----------- |
上一首 | shang yi shou |
《浣溪沙》 | 《huan xi sha 》 |
下一首 | xia yi shou |
《旅夜书怀》 | 《lv ye shu huai 》 |
相关诗词 | xiang guan shi ci |
1 | 1 |
[唐] | [tang ] |
杜甫 | du fu |
《江村》 | 《jiang cun 》 |
清江一曲抱村流,长夏江村事事幽。自去自来堂上燕,相亲相近水中鸥。 展开全文 | qing jiang yi qu bao cun liu ,chang xia jiang cun shi shi you 。zi qu zi lai tang shang yan ,xiang qin xiang jin shui zhong ou 。 zhan kai quan wen |
老妻画纸为棋局,稚子敲针作钓钩。多病所须唯药物,微躯此外更何求。 | lao qi hua zhi wei qi ju ,zhi zi qiao zhen zuo diao gou 。duo bing suo xu wei yao wu ,wei qu ci wai geng he qiu 。 |
收起 | shou qi |
2 | 2 |
[唐] | [tang ] |
杜甫 | du fu |
《夔州歌十绝句》 | 《kui zhou ge shi jue gou 》 |
中巴之东巴东山,江水开辟流其间。白帝高为三峡镇,夔州险过百牢关。 展开全文 | zhong ba zhi dong ba dong shan ,jiang shui kai bi liu ji jian 。bai di gao wei san xia zhen ,kui zhou xian guo bai lao guan 。 zhan kai quan wen |
白帝夔州各异城,蜀江楚峡混殊名。英雄割据非天意,霸主并吞在物情。群雄竞起问前朝,王者无外见今朝。比讶渔阳结怨恨,元听舜日旧箫韶。赤甲白盐俱刺天,闾阎缭绕接山巅。枫林橘树丹青合,复道重楼锦绣悬。瀼东瀼西一万家,江北江南春冬花。背飞鹤子遗琼蕊,相趁凫雏入蒋牙。东屯稻畦一百顷,北有涧水通青苗。晴浴狎鸥分处处,雨随神女下朝朝。蜀麻吴盐自古通,万斛之舟行若风。长年三老长歌里,白昼摊钱高浪中。忆昔咸阳都市合,山水之图张卖时。巫峡曾经宝屏见,楚宫犹对碧峰疑。武侯祠堂不可忘,中有松柏参天长。干戈满地客愁破,云日如火炎天凉。阆风玄圃与蓬壶,中有高堂天下无。借问夔州压何处,峡门江腹拥城隅。 | bai di kui zhou ge yi cheng ,shu jiang chu xia hun shu ming 。ying xiong ge ju fei tian yi ,ba zhu bing tun zai wu qing 。qun xiong jing qi wen qian chao ,wang zhe mo wai jian jin chao 。bi ya yu yang jie yuan hen ,yuan ting shun ri jiu xiao shao 。chi jia bai yan ju ci tian ,lv yan liao rao jie shan dian 。feng lin ju shu dan qing ge ,fu dao chong lou jin xiu xuan 。rang dong rang xi yi mo jia ,jiang bei jiang na chun dong hua 。bei fei he zi wei qiong rui ,xiang chen fu chu ru jiang ya 。dong tun dao qi yi bai qing ,bei you jian shui tong qing miao 。qing yu xia ou fen chu chu ,yu sui shen nv xia chao chao 。shu ma wu yan zi gu tong ,mo hu zhi zhou hang re feng 。chang nian san lao chang ge li ,bai zhou tan qian gao lang zhong 。yi xi xian yang dou shi ge ,shan shui zhi tu zhang mai shi 。wu xia ceng jing bao bing jian ,chu gong you dui bi feng yi 。wu hou ci tang bu ke wang ,zhong you song bai can tian chang 。gan ge man de ke chou po ,yun ri ru huo yan tian liang 。lang feng xuan pu yu peng hu ,zhong you gao tang tian xia mo 。jie wen kui zhou ya he chu ,xia men jiang fu yong cheng yu 。 |
收起 | shou qi |
3 | 3 |
[唐] | [tang ] |
杜甫 | du fu |
《敬赠郑谏议十韵》 | 《jing zeng zheng jian yi shi yun 》 |
谏官非不达,诗义早知名。破的由来事,先锋孰敢争。 展开全文 | jian guan fei bu da ,shi yi zao zhi ming 。po de you lai shi ,xian feng shu gan zheng 。 zhan kai quan wen |
思飘云物外,律中鬼神惊。毫发无遗恨,波澜独老成。野人宁得所,天意薄浮生。多病休儒服,冥搜信客旌。筑居仙缥缈,旅食岁峥嵘。使者求颜阖,诸公厌祢衡。将期一诺重,欻使寸心倾。君见途穷哭,宜忧阮步兵。 | sai piao yun wu wai ,lv zhong gui shen jing 。hao fa mo wei hen ,bo lan du lao cheng 。ye ren ning de suo ,tian yi bao fu sheng 。duo bing xiu ru fu ,ming sou xin ke jing 。zhu ju xian piao miao ,lv shi sui zheng rong 。shi zhe qiu yan he ,zhu gong ya mi heng 。jiang ji yi nuo chong ,xu shi cun xin qing 。jun jian tu qiong ku ,yi you ruan bu bing 。 |
收起 | shou qi |
4 | 4 |
[唐] | [tang ] |
杜甫 | du fu |
《宿江边阁(即后西阁)》 | 《su jiang bian ge (ji hou xi ge )》 |
暝色延山径,高斋次水门。薄云岩际宿,孤月浪中翻。 | ming se yan shan jing ,gao zhai ci shui men 。bao yun yan ji su ,gu yue lang zhong fan 。 |
鹳鹤追飞静,豺狼得食喧。不眠忧战伐,无力正乾坤。 | guan he zhui fei jing ,chai lang de shi xuan 。bu mian you zhan fa ,mo li zheng gan kun 。 |
5 | 5 |
[唐] | [tang ] |
杜甫 | du fu |
《历历》 | 《li li 》 |
历历开元事,分明在眼前。无端盗贼起,忽已岁时迁。 | li li kai yuan shi ,fen ming zai yan qian 。mo duan dao zei qi ,hu yi sui shi qian 。 |
巫峡西江外,秦城北斗边。为郎从白首,卧病数秋天。 | wu xia xi jiang wai ,qin cheng bei dou bian 。wei lang cong bai shou ,wo bing shu qiu tian 。 |
6 | 6 |
[唐] | [tang ] |
杜甫 | du fu |
《九日五首》 | 《jiu ri wu shou 》 |
重阳独酌杯中酒,抱病起登江上台。竹叶于人既无分,菊花从此不须开。殊方日落玄猿哭,旧国霜前白雁来。 展开全文 | chong yang du zhuo bei zhong jiu ,bao bing qi deng jiang shang tai 。zhu xie yu ren ji mo fen ,ju hua cong ci bu xu kai 。shu fang ri la xuan yuan ku ,jiu guo shuang qian bai yan lai 。 zhan kai quan wen |
弟妹萧条各何往,干戈衰谢两相催。旧日重阳日,传杯不放杯。即今蓬鬓改,但愧菊花开。北阙心长恋,西江首独回。茱萸赐朝士,难得一枝来。旧与苏司业,兼随郑广文。采花香泛泛,坐客醉纷纷。野树歌还倚,秋砧醒却闻。欢娱两冥漠,西北有孤云。故里樊川菊,登高素浐源。他时一笑后,今日几人存。巫峡蟠江路,终南对国门。系舟身万里,伏枕泪双痕。为客裁乌帽,从儿具绿尊。佳辰对群盗,愁绝更谁论。 | di mei xiao tiao ge he wang ,gan ge cui xie liang xiang cui 。jiu ri chong yang ri ,chuan bei bu fang bei 。ji jin peng bin gai ,dan kui ju hua kai 。bei que xin chang lian ,xi jiang shou du hui 。zhu yu ci chao shi ,nan de yi zhi lai 。jiu yu su si ye ,jian sui zheng an wen 。cai hua xiang fan fan ,zuo ke zui fen fen 。ye shu ge hai yi ,qiu zhen xing que wen 。huan yu liang ming mo ,xi bei you gu yun 。gu li fan chuan ju ,deng gao su chan yuan 。ta shi yi xiao hou ,jin ri ji ren cun 。wu xia pan jiang lu ,zhong na dui guo men 。ji zhou shen mo li ,fu zhen lei shuang hen 。wei ke cai wu mao ,cong er ju lu zun 。jia chen dui qun dao ,chou jue geng shei lun 。 |
收起 | shou qi |
杜甫的其他作品 | du fu de ji ta zuo pin |
《绝句》 | 《jue gou 》 |
《登高》 | 《deng gao 》 |
《绝句》 | 《jue gou 》 |
《茅屋为秋风所破歌》 | 《mao wu wei qiu feng suo po ge 》 |
《望岳》 | 《wang yue 》 |
《望岳》 | 《wang yue 》 |
《望岳》 | 《wang yue 》 |
《春望》 | 《chun wang 》 |
《石壕吏》 | 《dan hao li 》 |
《春夜喜雨》 | 《chun ye xi yu 》 |
《兵车行》 | 《bing che hang 》 |
《闻官军收河南河北》 | 《wen guan jun shou he na he bei 》 |
《蜀相》 | 《shu xiang 》 |
《登岳阳楼》 | 《deng yue yang lou 》 |
《浣溪沙》 | 《huan xi sha 》 |
《浣溪沙》 | 《huan xi sha 》 |
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