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2020
11-25

石壕吏

石壕吏
[唐] 杜甫 [tang ] du fu
暮投石壕村,有吏夜捉人。老翁逾墙走,老妇出门看。吏呼一何怒,妇啼一何苦。听妇前致词,三男邺城戍。一男附书至,二男新战死。存者且偷生,死者长已矣。室中更无人,惟有乳下孙。有孙母未去,出入无完裙。老妪力虽衰,请从吏夜归。急应河阳役,犹得备晨炊。夜久语声绝,如闻泣幽咽。天明登前途,独与老翁别。 mu tou dan hao cun ,you li ye zhuo ren 。lao weng yu qiang zou ,lao fu chu men kan 。li hu yi he nu ,fu ti yi he ku 。ting fu qian zhi ci ,san nan ye cheng shu 。yi nan fu shu zhi ,er nan xin zhan si 。cun zhe ju tou sheng ,si zhe chang yi yi 。shi zhong geng mo ren ,wei you ru xia sun 。you sun mu wei qu ,chu ru mo wan qun 。lao yu li sui cui ,qing cong li ye gui 。ji ying he yang yi ,you de bei chen chui 。ye jiu yu sheng jue ,ru wen qi you yan 。tian ming deng qian tu ,du yu lao weng bie 。
分类标签: fen lei biao qian :
战争诗 zhan zheng shi
初中 chu zhong
作品赏析 zuo pin shang xi
【注释】: 【zhu shi 】:
[1]一作“孙母未便出,见吏无完裙。”[1]yi zuo “sun mu wei bian chu ,jian li mo wan qun 。”
  唐肃宗乾元二年(759)春,郭子仪等九节度使六十万大军包围安庆绪于邺城,由于指挥不统一,被史思明援兵打得全军溃败。唐王朝为补充兵力,便在洛阳以西至潼关一带,强行抓人当兵,人民苦不堪言。这时,杜甫正由洛阳经过潼关,赶回华州任所。途中就其所见所闻,写成了《三吏》、《三别》。《石壕吏》是《三吏》中的一篇。全诗的主题是通过对“有吏夜捉人”的形象描绘,揭露官吏的横暴,反映人民的苦难。  tang su zong gan yuan er nian (759)chun ,guo zi yi deng jiu jie du shi liu shi mo da jun bao wei an qing xu yu ye cheng ,you yu zhi hui bu tong yi ,bei shi sai ming yuan bing da de quan jun hui bai 。tang wang chao wei bu chong bing li ,bian zai luo yang yi xi zhi tong guan yi dai ,jiang hang zhua ren dang bing ,ren min ku bu kan yan 。zhe shi ,du fu zheng you luo yang jing guo tong guan ,gan hui hua zhou ren suo 。tu zhong jiu ji suo jian suo wen ,xie cheng le 《san li 》、《san bie 》。《dan hao li 》shi 《san li 》zhong de yi pian 。quan shi de zhu ti shi tong guo dui “you li ye zhuo ren ”de xing xiang miao hui ,jie lou guan li de heng bao ,fan ying ren min de ku nan 。
  前四句可看作第一段。首句“暮投石壕村”,单刀直入,直叙其事。“暮”字、“投”字、“村”字都需玩味,不宜轻易放过。在封建社会里,由于社会秩序混乱和旅途荒凉等原因,旅客们都“未晚先投宿”,更何况在兵祸连接的时代!而杜甫,却于暮色苍茫之时才匆匆忙忙地投奔到一个小村庄里借宿,这种异乎寻常的情景就富于暗示性。可以设想,他或者是压根儿不敢走大路;或者是附近的城镇已荡然一空,无处歇脚;或者……总之,寥寥五字,不仅点明了投宿的时间和地点,而且和盘托出了兵荒马乱、鸡犬不宁、一切脱出常轨的景象,为悲剧的演出提供了典型环境。浦起龙指出这首诗“起有猛虎攫人之势”(《读杜心解》),这不仅是就“有吏夜捉人”说的,而且是就头一句的环境烘托说的。“有吏夜捉人”一句,是全篇的提纲,以下情节,都从这里生发出来。不说“征兵”、“点兵”、“招兵”而说“捉人”,已于如实描绘之中寓揭露、批判之意。再加上一个“夜”字,含意更丰富。第一、表明官府“捉人”之事时常发生,人民白天躲藏或者反抗,无法“捉”到;第二、表明县吏“捉人”的手段狠毒,于人民已经入睡的黑夜,来个突然袭击。同时,诗人是“暮”投石壕村的,从“暮”到“夜”,已过了几个小时,这时当然已经睡下了;所以下面的事件发展,他没有参与其间,而是隔门听出来的。“老翁逾墙走,老妇出门看”两句,表现了人民长期以来深受抓丁之苦,昼夜不安;即使到了深夜,仍然寝不安席,一听到门外有了响动,就知道县吏又来“捉人”,老翁立刻“逾墙”逃走,由老妇开门周旋。  qian si gou ke kan zuo di yi duan 。shou gou “mu tou dan hao cun ”,chan dao zhi ru ,zhi xu ji shi 。“mu ”zi 、“tou ”zi 、“cun ”zi dou xu wan wei ,bu yi qing yi fang guo 。zai feng jian she hui li ,you yu she hui zhi xu hun luan he lv tu huang liang deng yuan yin ,lv ke men dou “wei wan xian tou su ”,geng he kuang zai bing huo lian jie de shi dai !er du fu ,que yu mu se cang mang zhi shi cai cong cong mang mang de tou ben dao yi ge xiao cun zhuang li jie su ,zhe chong yi hu xun chang de qing jing jiu fu yu an shi xing 。ke yi she xiang ,ta huo zhe shi ya gen er bu gan zou da lu ;huo zhe shi fu jin de cheng zhen yi dang ran yi kong ,mo chu xie jiao ;huo zhe ……zong zhi ,liao liao wu zi ,bu jin dian ming le tou su de shi jian he de dian ,er ju he pan tuo chu le bing huang ma luan 、ji quan bu ning 、yi qie tuo chu chang gui de jing xiang ,wei bei ju de yan chu di gong le dian xing huan jing 。pu qi long zhi chu zhe shou shi “qi you meng hu jue ren zhi shi ”(《dou du xin jie 》),zhe bu jin shi jiu “you li ye zhuo ren ”shui de ,er ju shi jiu tou yi gou de huan jing hong tuo shui de 。“you li ye zhuo ren ”yi gou ,shi quan pian de di gang ,yi xia qing jie ,dou cong zhe li sheng fa chu lai 。bu shui “zheng bing ”、“dian bing ”、“qiao bing ”er shui “zhuo ren ”,yi yu ru shi miao hui zhi zhong yu jie lou 、pi pan zhi yi 。zai jia shang yi ge “ye ”zi ,han yi geng feng fu 。di yi 、biao ming guan fu “zhuo ren ”zhi shi shi chang fa sheng ,ren min bai tian duo cang huo zhe fan kang ,mo fa “zhuo ”dao ;di er 、biao ming xian li “zhuo ren ”de shou duan hen du ,yu ren min yi jing ru shui de hei ye ,lai ge tu ran xi ji 。tong shi ,shi ren shi “mu ”tou dan hao cun de ,cong “mu ”dao “ye ”,yi guo le ji ge xiao shi ,zhe shi dang ran yi jing shui xia le ;suo yi xia mian de shi jian fa zhan ,ta mei you can yu ji jian ,er shi ge men ting chu lai de 。“lao weng yu qiang zou ,lao fu chu men kan ”liang gou ,biao xian le ren min chang ji yi lai shen shou zhua ding zhi ku ,zhou ye bu an ;ji shi dao le shen ye ,reng ran qin bu an xi ,yi ting dao men wai you le xiang dong ,jiu zhi dao xian li you lai “zhuo ren ”,lao weng li ke “yu qiang ”tao zou ,you lao fu kai men zhou xuan 。
  从“吏呼一何怒”至“犹得备晨炊”这十六句,可看作第二段。“史呼一何怒!妇啼一何苦!”两句,极其概括、极其形象地写出了“吏”与“妇”的尖锐矛盾。一“呼”、一“啼”,一“怒”、一“苦”,形成了强烈的对照;两个状语“一何”,加重了感情色彩,有力地渲染出县吏如狼似虎,叫嚣隳突的横蛮气势,并为老妇以下的诉说制造出悲愤的气氛。矛盾的两方面,具有主与从、因与果的关系。“妇啼一何苦”,是“吏呼一何怒”逼出来的。下面,诗人不再写“吏呼”,全力写“妇啼”,而“吏呼”自见。“听妇前致词”上启下。那“听”是诗人在“听”,那“致词”是老妇“苦啼”着回答县吏的“怒呼”。写“致词”内容的十三句诗,多次换韵,明显地表现出多次转折,暗示了县吏的多次“怒呼”、逼问。读这十三句诗的时候,千万别以为这是“老妇”一口气说下去的,而县吏则在那里洗耳恭听。实际上,“吏呼一何怒!妇啼一何苦!”不仅发生在事件的开头,而且持续到事件的结尾。从“三男邺城戍”到“死者长已矣”,是第一次转折。可以想见,这是针对县吏的第一次逼问诉苦的。在这以前,诗人已用“有吏夜捉人”一句写出了县吏的猛虎攫人之势。等到“老妇出门看”,便扑了进来,贼眼四处搜索,却找不到一个男人,扑了个空。于是怒吼道:“你家的男人都到哪儿去了?快交出来!”老妇泣诉说:“三个儿子都当兵守邺城去了。一个儿子刚刚捎来一封信,信中说,另外两个儿子已经牺牲了!……”泣诉的时候,也许县吏不相信,还拿出信来交县吏看。总之,“存者且偷生,死者长已矣!”处境是够使人同情的,她很希望以此博得县吏的同情,高抬贵手。不料县吏又大发雷霆:“难道你家里再没有别人了?快交出来!”她只得针对这一点诉苦:“室中更无人,惟有乳下孙。”这两句,也许不是一口气说下去的,因为“更无人”与下面的回答发生了明显的矛盾。合理的解释是:老妇先说了一句:“家里再没人了!”而在这当儿,被儿媳妇抱在怀里躲到什么地方的小孙儿,受了怒吼声的惊吓,哭了起来,掩口也不顶用。于是县吏抓到了把柄,威逼道:“你竟敢撒谎!不是有个孩子哭吗?”老妇不得已,这才说:“只有个孙子啊!还吃奶呢,小得很!”“吃谁的奶?总有个母亲吧!还不把她交出来!”老妇担心的事情终于发生了!她只得硬着头皮解释:“孙儿是有个母亲,她的丈夫在邺城战死了,因为要奶孩子,没有改嫁。可怜她衣服破破烂烂,怎么见人呀!还是行行好吧!”(“有孙母未去,出入无完裙”两句,有的本子作“孙母未便出,见吏无完裙”,可见县吏是要她出来的。)但县吏仍不肯罢手。老妇生怕守寡的儿媳被抓,饿死孙子,只好挺身而出:“老妪力虽衰,请从吏夜归。急应河阳役,犹得备晨炊。”老妇的“致词”,到此结束,表明县吏勉强同意,不再“怒吼”了。  cong “li hu yi he nu ”zhi “you de bei chen chui ”zhe shi liu gou ,ke kan zuo di er duan 。“shi hu yi he nu !fu ti yi he ku !”liang gou ,ji ji gai gua 、ji ji xing xiang de xie chu le “li ”yu “fu ”de jian rui mao dun 。yi “hu ”、yi “ti ”,yi “nu ”、yi “ku ”,xing cheng le jiang lie de dui zhao ;liang ge zhuang yu “yi he ”,jia chong le gan qing se cai ,you li de xuan ran chu xian li ru lang shi hu ,jiao ao hui tu de heng man qi shi ,bing wei lao fu yi xia de su shui zhi zao chu bei fen de qi fen 。mao dun de liang fang mian ,ju you zhu yu cong 、yin yu guo de guan ji 。“fu ti yi he ku ”,shi “li hu yi he nu ”bi chu lai de 。xia mian ,shi ren bu zai xie “li hu ”,quan li xie “fu ti ”,er “li hu ”zi jian 。“ting fu qian zhi ci ”shang qi xia 。na “ting ”shi shi ren zai “ting ”,na “zhi ci ”shi lao fu “ku ti ”zhao hui da xian li de “nu hu ”。xie “zhi ci ”nei rong de shi san gou shi ,duo ci huan yun ,ming xian de biao xian chu duo ci zhuai she ,an shi le xian li de duo ci “nu hu ”、bi wen 。dou zhe shi san gou shi de shi hou ,qian mo bie yi wei zhe shi “lao fu ”yi kou qi shui xia qu de ,er xian li ze zai na li xi er gong ting 。shi ji shang ,“li hu yi he nu !fu ti yi he ku !”bu jin fa sheng zai shi jian de kai tou ,er ju chi xu dao shi jian de jie wei 。cong “san nan ye cheng shu ”dao “si zhe chang yi yi ”,shi di yi ci zhuai she 。ke yi xiang jian ,zhe shi zhen dui xian li de di yi ci bi wen su ku de 。zai zhe yi qian ,shi ren yi yong “you li ye zhuo ren ”yi gou xie chu le xian li de meng hu jue ren zhi shi 。deng dao “lao fu chu men kan ”,bian pu le jin lai ,zei yan si chu sou suo ,que zhao bu dao yi ge nan ren ,pu le ge kong 。yu shi nu hou dao :“ni jia de nan ren dou dao na er qu le ?kuai jiao chu lai !”lao fu qi su shui :“san ge er zi dou dang bing shou ye cheng qu le 。yi ge er zi gang gang shao lai yi feng xin ,xin zhong shui ,ling wai liang ge er zi yi jing xi sheng le !……”qi su de shi hou ,ye hu xian li bu xiang xin ,hai na chu xin lai jiao xian li kan 。zong zhi ,“cun zhe ju tou sheng ,si zhe chang yi yi !”chu jing shi gou shi ren tong qing de ,ta hen xi wang yi ci bo de xian li de tong qing ,gao tai gui shou 。bu liao xian li you da fa lei ting :“nan dao ni jia li zai mei you bie ren le ?kuai jiao chu lai !”ta zhi de zhen dui zhe yi dian su ku :“shi zhong geng mo ren ,wei you ru xia sun 。”zhe liang gou ,ye hu bu shi yi kou qi shui xia qu de ,yin wei “geng mo ren ”yu xia mian de hui da fa sheng le ming xian de mao dun 。ge li de jie shi shi :lao fu xian shui le yi gou :“jia li zai mei ren le !”er zai zhe dang er ,bei er xi fu bao zai huai li duo dao shen me de fang de xiao sun er ,shou le nu hou sheng de jing he ,ku le qi lai ,yan kou ye bu ding yong 。yu shi xian li zhua dao le ba bing ,wei bi dao :“ni jing gan sa huang !bu shi you ge hai zi ku ma ?”lao fu bu de yi ,zhe cai shui :“zhi you ge sun zi a !hai chi nai ne ,xiao de hen !”“chi shei de nai ?zong you ge mu qin ba !hai bu ba ta jiao chu lai !”lao fu dan xin de shi qing zhong yu fa sheng le !ta zhi de ying zhao tou pi jie shi :“sun er shi you ge mu qin ,ta de zhang fu zai ye cheng zhan si le ,yin wei yao nai hai zi ,mei you gai jia 。ke lian ta yi fu po po lan lan ,zen me jian ren ya !hai shi hang hang hao ba !”(“you sun mu wei qu ,chu ru mo wan qun ”liang gou ,you de ben zi zuo “sun mu wei bian chu ,jian li mo wan qun ”,ke jian xian li shi yao ta chu lai de 。)dan xian li reng bu ken ba shou 。lao fu sheng pa shou gua de er xi bei zhua ,e si sun zi ,zhi hao ting shen er chu :“lao yu li sui cui ,qing cong li ye gui 。ji ying he yang yi ,you de bei chen chui 。”lao fu de “zhi ci ”,dao ci jie shu ,biao ming xian li mian jiang tong yi ,bu zai “nu hou ”le 。
  最后一段虽然只有四句,却照应开头,涉及所有人物,写出了事件的结局和作者的感受。“夜久语声绝,如闻泣幽咽。”表明老妇已被抓走,儿媳妇低声哭泣。“夜久”二字,反映了老妇一再哭诉、县吏百般威逼的漫长过程。“如闻”二字,一方面表现了儿媳妇因丈夫战死、婆婆被“捉”而泣不成声,另一方面也显示出诗人以关切的心情倾耳细听,通夜未能入睡。“天明登前途,独与老翁别”两句,收尽全篇,于叙事中含无限深情。试想昨日傍晚投宿之时,老翁、老妇双双迎接,而时隔一夜,老妇被捉走,儿媳妇泣不成声,只能与逃走归来的老翁作别了。老翁是何心情?诗人作何感想?给读者留下了想象的余地。  zui hou yi duan sui ran zhi you si gou ,que zhao ying kai tou ,she ji suo you ren wu ,xie chu le shi jian de jie ju he zuo zhe de gan shou 。“ye jiu yu sheng jue ,ru wen qi you yan 。”biao ming lao fu yi bei zhua zou ,er xi fu di sheng ku qi 。“ye jiu ”er zi ,fan ying le lao fu yi zai ku su 、xian li bai ban wei bi de man chang guo cheng 。“ru wen ”er zi ,yi fang mian biao xian le er xi fu yin zhang fu zhan si 、po po bei “zhuo ”er qi bu cheng sheng ,ling yi fang mian ye xian shi chu shi ren yi guan qie de xin qing qing er xi ting ,tong ye wei neng ru shui 。“tian ming deng qian tu ,du yu lao weng bie ”liang gou ,shou jin quan pian ,yu xu shi zhong han mo xian shen qing 。shi xiang zuo ri bang wan tou su zhi shi ,lao weng 、lao fu shuang shuang ying jie ,er shi ge yi ye ,lao fu bei zhuo zou ,er xi fu qi bu cheng sheng ,zhi neng yu tao zou gui lai de lao weng zuo bie le 。lao weng shi he xin qing ?shi ren zuo he gan xiang ?gei dou zhe liu xia le xiang xiang de yu de 。
  仇兆鳌在《杜少陵集详注》里说:“古者有兄弟始遣一人从军。今驱尽壮丁,及于老弱。诗云:三男戍,二男死,孙方乳,媳无裙,翁逾墙,妇夜往。一家之中,父子、兄弟、祖孙、姑媳惨酷至此,民不聊生极矣!当时唐祚,亦岌岌乎危哉!”就是说,“民为邦本”,把人民整成这个样子,统治者的宝座也就岌岌可危了。诗人杜甫面对这一切,没有美化现实,却如实地揭露了政治黑暗,发出了“有吏夜捉人”的呼喊,这是值得高度评价的。  chou zhao ao zai 《du shao ling ji xiang zhu 》li shui :“gu zhe you xiong di shi qian yi ren cong jun 。jin qu jin zhuang ding ,ji yu lao ruo 。shi yun :san nan shu ,er nan si ,sun fang ru ,xi mo qun ,weng yu qiang ,fu ye wang 。yi jia zhi zhong ,fu zi 、xiong di 、zu sun 、gu xi can ku zhi ci ,min bu liao sheng ji yi !dang shi tang zuo ,yi ji ji hu wei zai !”jiu shi shui ,“min wei bang ben ”,ba ren min zheng cheng zhe ge yang zi ,tong zhi zhe de bao zuo ye jiu ji ji ke wei le 。shi ren du fu mian dui zhe yi qie ,mei you mei hua xian shi ,que ru shi de jie lou le zheng zhi hei an ,fa chu le “you li ye zhuo ren ”de hu han ,zhe shi zhi de gao du ping jia de 。
  在艺术表现上,这首诗最突出的一点则是精炼。陆时雍称赞道:“其事何长!其言何简!”就是指这一点说的。全篇句句叙事,无抒情语,亦无议论语;但实际上,作者却巧妙地通过叙事抒了情,发了议论,爱憎十分强烈,倾向性十分鲜明。寓褒贬于叙事,既节省了很多笔墨,又毫无概念化的感觉。诗还运用了藏问于答的表现手法。“吏呼一何怒!妇啼一何苦!”概括了矛盾双方之后,便集中写“妇”,不复写“吏”,而“吏”的蛮悍、横暴,却于老妇“致词”的转折和事件的结局中暗示出来。诗人又十分善于剪裁,叙事中藏有不尽之意。一开头,只用一句写投宿,立刻转入“有吏夜捉人”的主题。又如只写了“老翁逾墙走”,未写他何时归来;只写了“如闻泣幽咽”,未写泣者是谁;只写老妇“请从吏夜归”,未写她是否被带走;却用照应开头、结束全篇既叙事又抒情的“独与老翁别”一句告诉读者:老翁已经归家,老妇已被捉走;那么,那位吞声饮泣、不敢放声痛哭的,自然是给孩子喂奶的年轻寡妇了。正由于诗人笔墨简洁、洗炼,全诗一百二十个字,在惊人的广度与深度上反映了生活中的矛盾与冲突,这是十分难能可贵的。  zai yi shu biao xian shang ,zhe shou shi zui tu chu de yi dian ze shi jing lian 。liu shi yong chen zan dao :“ji shi he chang !ji yan he jian !”jiu shi zhi zhe yi dian shui de 。quan pian gou gou xu shi ,mo shu qing yu ,yi mo yi lun yu ;dan shi ji shang ,zuo zhe que qiao miao de tong guo xu shi shu le qing ,fa le yi lun ,ai zeng shi fen jiang lie ,qing xiang xing shi fen xian ming 。yu bao bian yu xu shi ,ji jie sheng le hen duo bi mo ,you hao mo gai nian hua de gan jiao 。shi hai yun yong le cang wen yu da de biao xian shou fa 。“li hu yi he nu !fu ti yi he ku !”gai gua le mao dun shuang fang zhi hou ,bian ji zhong xie “fu ”,bu fu xie “li ”,er “li ”de man han 、heng bao ,que yu lao fu “zhi ci ”de zhuai she he shi jian de jie ju zhong an shi chu lai 。shi ren you shi fen shan yu jian cai ,xu shi zhong cang you bu jin zhi yi 。yi kai tou ,zhi yong yi gou xie tou su ,li ke zhuai ru “you li ye zhuo ren ”de zhu ti 。you ru zhi xie le “lao weng yu qiang zou ”,wei xie ta he shi gui lai ;zhi xie le “ru wen qi you yan ”,wei xie qi zhe shi shei ;zhi xie lao fu “qing cong li ye gui ”,wei xie ta shi fou bei dai zou ;que yong zhao ying kai tou 、jie shu quan pian ji xu shi you shu qing de “du yu lao weng bie ”yi gou gao su dou zhe :lao weng yi jing gui jia ,lao fu yi bei zhuo zou ;na me ,na wei tun sheng yin qi 、bu gan fang sheng tong ku de ,zi ran shi gei hai zi wei nai de nian qing gua fu le 。zheng you yu shi ren bi mo jian jie 、xi lian ,quan shi yi bai er shi ge zi ,zai jing ren de an du yu shen du shang fan ying le sheng huo zhong de mao dun yu chong tu ,zhe shi shi fen nan neng ke gui de 。
(霍松林)(huo song lin )
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  王应麟曰:石壕,盖陕州陕县之石壕镇也。地志云:石壕镇,本崤县,后魂置。贞观十四年改名硖石县。《一统志》:石壕,在今陕州城东七十里。【钱笺】卞圜曰:石壕,陕东戍,其地在新安西。石壕,即石崤也。按:崤在弘农渑池西北,贞观八年,移崤县于安阳城,在砍城西四十里。谓石壕即石崤,误矣。梦弼云:石壕,在邠州宜禄县。尤为无稽,且非自东都往来道也。  wang ying lin yue :dan hao ,gai shan zhou shan xian zhi dan hao zhen ye 。de zhi yun :dan hao zhen ,ben xiao xian ,hou hun zhi 。zhen guan shi si nian gai ming xia dan xian 。《yi tong zhi 》:dan hao ,zai jin shan zhou cheng dong qi shi li 。【qian jian 】bian huan yue :dan hao ,shan dong shu ,ji de zai xin an xi 。dan hao ,ji dan xiao ye 。an :xiao zai hong nong mian chi xi bei ,zhen guan ba nian ,yi xiao xian yu an yang cheng ,zai kan cheng xi si shi li 。wei dan hao ji dan xiao ,wu yi 。meng bi yun :dan hao ,zai bin zhou yi lu xian 。you wei mo ji ,ju fei zi dong dou wang lai dao ye 。
  暮投石壕村①,有吏夜捉人。老翁逾墙走②,老妇出看门③。  mu tou dan hao cun ①,you li ye zhuo ren 。lao weng yu qiang zou ②,lao fu chu kan men ③。
  (苏润公本作出看门,叶音民。一作门看。海盐刘氏本作门首。首叙征役驱迫之苦。)  (su run gong ben zuo chu kan men ,xie yin min 。yi zuo men kan 。hai yan liu shi ben zuo men shou 。shou xu zheng yi qu pai zhi ku 。)
  ①此诗各四句转韵。村人与门叶,古人真韵。白乐天《北村》诗:“晨游紫峰阁,暮宿山下村。村老见予喜,为予开一樽。”村叶七伦切,樽叶踪伦切。《国风》:“出自北门,忧心殷殷。”荀卿《赋篇》:“往来惛惫,通于大神。出入其极,莫知其门。”门俱叶眉贫切。刘氏作出门首,是村与人叶,走与首叶也。以下文例之,不宜两句换韵。旧本作出门看,与人字相叶,人读如延切,本刘向《列女颂》。看读丘虔切,本吴迈远《长相思》诗。依此,则人看可叶,而村字未合,与下文亦不相符。谢灵运诗:“暝投剡中宿。”②陶潜诗:“区区诸老翁。”《战国策》:曾子之母,投杼逾墙而走。③又:“老妇必唾其面。”王羲之帖:“但思今妇必门首有出。”乐府《东门行》:“投剑出门去。”看门,守门也。  ①ci shi ge si gou zhuai yun 。cun ren yu men xie ,gu ren zhen yun 。bai le tian 《bei cun 》shi :“chen you zi feng ge ,mu su shan xia cun 。cun lao jian yu xi ,wei yu kai yi zun 。”cun xie qi lun qie ,zun xie zong lun qie 。《guo feng 》:“chu zi bei men ,you xin yan yan 。”xun qing 《fu pian 》:“wang lai hun bei ,tong yu da shen 。chu ru ji ji ,mo zhi ji men 。”men ju xie mei pin qie 。liu shi zuo chu men shou ,shi cun yu ren xie ,zou yu shou xie ye 。yi xia wen li zhi ,bu yi liang gou huan yun 。jiu ben zuo chu men kan ,yu ren zi xiang xie ,ren dou ru yan qie ,ben liu xiang 《lie nv song 》。kan dou qiu qian qie ,ben wu mai yuan 《chang xiang sai 》shi 。yi ci ,ze ren kan ke xie ,er cun zi wei ge ,yu xia wen yi bu xiang fu 。xie ling yun shi :“ming tou shan zhong su 。”②tao qian shi :“ou ou zhu lao weng 。”《zhan guo ce 》:ceng zi zhi mu ,tou zhu yu qiang er zou 。③you :“lao fu bi tuo ji mian 。”wang xi zhi tie :“dan sai jin fu bi men shou you chu 。”le fu 《dong men hang 》:“tou jian chu men qu 。”kan men ,shou men ye 。
  吏呼一何怒①,妇啼一何苦。听妇前致词②,三男邺城戍③。一男附书至,二男新战死④。存者且偷生⑤,死者长已矣⑥。  li hu yi he nu ①,fu ti yi he ku 。ting fu qian zhi ci ②,san nan ye cheng shu ③。yi nan fu shu zhi ,er nan xin zhan si ④。cun zhe ju tou sheng ⑤,si zhe chang yi yi ⑥。
  (二段,备述老妇诉吏之词,公盖宿于其家也。三男以下,言行者之惨。)  (er duan ,bei shu lao fu su li zhi ci ,gong gai su yu ji jia ye 。san nan yi xia ,yan hang zhe zhi can 。)
  ①梁昭明太子疏:“吏一呼门,动为民蠹。”《孙子》:“吏怒者,倦也。”②《陌上桑》:“罗敷前致词。”③《旧书》:武德元年,以魏郡置相州。天宝元年,改为邺郡。乾元元年,复为相州。二年,又为邺城。④新战死,指邺城之败。《史记·平原君传》:李同战死。⑤李陵书:“陵岂偷生之士?”⑥蔡琰曲:“死当埋骨兮长已矣。”  ①liang zhao ming tai zi shu :“li yi hu men ,dong wei min du 。”《sun zi 》:“li nu zhe ,juan ye 。”②《mo shang sang 》:“luo fu qian zhi ci 。”③《jiu shu 》:wu de yuan nian ,yi wei jun zhi xiang zhou 。tian bao yuan nian ,gai wei ye jun 。gan yuan yuan nian ,fu wei xiang zhou 。er nian ,you wei ye cheng 。④xin zhan si ,zhi ye cheng zhi bai 。《shi ji ·ping yuan jun chuan 》:li tong zhan si 。⑤li ling shu :“ling qi tou sheng zhi shi ?”⑥cai yan qu :“si dang mai gu xi chang yi yi 。”
  室中更无人①,惟有乳下孙。有孙母未去,出入无完裙②。老妪力虽衰③,请从吏夜归。急应河阳役①,犹得备晨炊⑤。  shi zhong geng mo ren ①,wei you ru xia sun 。you sun mu wei qu ,chu ru mo wan qun ②。lao yu li sui cui ③,qing cong li ye gui 。ji ying he yang yi ①,you de bei chen chui ⑤。
  (室中以下,言居者之苦。新安吏,驱民守东都。石壕吏,驱民守河阳也。)  (shi zhong yi xia ,yan ju zhe zhi ku 。xin an li ,qu min shou dong dou 。dan hao li ,qu min shou he yang ye 。)
  ①贾充诗:“室中是阿谁。”《易》:“阒其无人。”②《吏记》:李同曰:“邯郸之民,褐衣不完。”③又《高帝纪》:“有一老妪夜哭。”《说文》:“妪,母也。”④《唐书》:河阳县,属孟州,今改为孟县。按《春秋》“天王狩于河阳”,即此地。周武王会诸侯于孟津,亦即其地。子仪兵既溃,用都虞侯张用济策,守河阳。七月,李光弼代。⑤《史记》:亭长妻晨炊葫食。  ①gu chong shi :“shi zhong shi a shei 。”《yi 》:“qu ji mo ren 。”②《li ji 》:li tong yue :“han dan zhi min ,he yi bu wan 。”③you 《gao di ji 》:“you yi lao yu ye ku 。”《shui wen 》:“yu ,mu ye 。”④《tang shu 》:he yang xian ,shu meng zhou ,jin gai wei meng xian 。an 《chun qiu 》“tian wang shou yu he yang ”,ji ci de 。zhou wu wang hui zhu hou yu meng jin ,yi ji ji de 。zi yi bing ji hui ,yong dou yu hou zhang yong ji ce ,shou he yang 。qi yue ,li guang bi dai 。⑤《shi ji 》:ting chang qi chen chui hu shi 。
  夜久语声绝①,如闻泣幽咽②。天明登前途③,独与老翁别。  ye jiu yu sheng jue ①,ru wen qi you yan ②。tian ming deng qian tu ③,du yu lao weng bie 。
  (末结老翁潜归之状。妇随吏诉官,故其媳泣声。吏驱妇夜去、故其夫晓回。前途别,乃公与之别,非妇与翁别电。此章,首尾各四句,中二段各八句。)  (mo jie lao weng qian gui zhi zhuang 。fu sui li su guan ,gu ji xi qi sheng 。li qu fu ye qu 、gu ji fu xiao hui 。qian tu bie ,nai gong yu zhi bie ,fei fu yu weng bie dian 。ci zhang ,shou wei ge si gou ,zhong er duan ge ba gou 。)
  ①梁简文《烛赋》:“夜久唯烦铗。”②古歌:“呜声幽咽。”③《史记·李广传》:“至天明自便。”陶潜诗,“归子念前途。”陆时雍曰:其事何长,其言何简。吏呼二语,便当数十言。文章家所云要会,以去形而得情,去情而得神故也。  ①liang jian wen 《zhu fu 》:“ye jiu wei fan jia 。”②gu ge :“wu sheng you yan 。”③《shi ji ·li an chuan 》:“zhi tian ming zi bian 。”tao qian shi ,“gui zi nian qian tu 。”liu shi yong yue :ji shi he chang ,ji yan he jian 。li hu er yu ,bian dang shu shi yan 。wen zhang jia suo yun yao hui ,yi qu xing er de qing ,qu qing er de shen gu ye 。
  王嗣奭曰:夜促夜去,何其急也。此妇仓卒之际,既脱其夫,仍免其身,具此智谋胆略,真可谓女中丈夫。而公诗详述之,已洞知其意中曲折矣。又云:前后六诗,一韵到底,俱用沈韵。惟此章换韵,且用古韵。  wang si shi yue :ye cu ye qu ,he ji ji ye 。ci fu cang cu zhi ji ,ji tuo ji fu ,reng mian ji shen ,ju ci zhi mou dan lve ,zhen ke wei nv zhong zhang fu 。er gong shi xiang shu zhi ,yi dong zhi ji yi zhong qu she yi 。you yun :qian hou liu shi ,yi yun dao de ,ju yong shen yun 。wei ci zhang huan yun ,ju yong gu yun 。
  按:古者有兄弟,始遣一人从军。今驱尽壮丁,及于老弱。诗云三男戍,二男死,孙方乳,媳无裙,翁逾墙,妇夜在,一家之中,父子、兄弟、祖孙、姑媳,惨酷至此,民不聊生极矣。当时唐祚亦发发乎哉。   an :gu zhe you xiong di ,shi qian yi ren cong jun 。jin qu jin zhuang ding ,ji yu lao ruo 。shi yun san nan shu ,er nan si ,sun fang ru ,xi mo qun ,weng yu qiang ,fu ye zai ,yi jia zhi zhong ,fu zi 、xiong di 、zu sun 、gu xi ,can ku zhi ci ,min bu liao sheng ji yi 。dang shi tang zuo yi fa fa hu zai 。
-----------仇兆鳌 《杜诗详注》----------------------chou zhao ao 《du shi xiang zhu 》-----------
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[魏晋] [wei jin ]
蔡琰 cai yan
《胡笳十八拍》 《hu jia shi ba pai 》
我生之初尚无为,我生之后汉祚衰。天不仁兮降乱离,地不仁兮使我逢此时。 展开全文 wo sheng zhi chu shang mo wei ,wo sheng zhi hou han zuo cui 。tian bu ren xi jiang luan li ,de bu ren xi shi wo feng ci shi 。 zhan kai quan wen
干戈日寻兮道路危,民卒流亡兮共哀悲。烟尘蔽野兮胡虏盛,志意乖兮节义亏。对殊俗兮非我宜,遭恶辱兮当告谁?笳一会兮琴一拍,心愤怨兮无人知。戎羯逼我兮为室家,将我行兮向天涯。云山万重兮归路遐,疾风千里兮杨尘沙。人多暴猛兮如虺蛇,控弦被甲兮为骄奢。两拍张弦兮弦欲绝,志摧心折兮自悲嗟。越汉国兮入胡城,亡家失身兮不如无生。毡裘为裳兮骨肉震惊,羯膻为味兮枉遏我情。鼙鼓喧兮从夜达明,胡风浩浩兮暗塞营。伤今感昔兮三拍成,衔悲畜恨兮何时平。无日无夜兮不思我乡土,禀气含生兮莫过我最苦。天灾国乱兮人无主,唯我薄命兮没戎虏。殊俗心异兮身难处,嗜欲不同兮谁可与语!寻思涉历兮多艰阻,四拍成兮益凄楚。雁南征兮欲寄边声,雁北归兮为得汉音。雁飞高兮邈难寻,空断肠兮思喑喑。攒眉向月兮抚雅琴,五拍泠泠兮意弥深。冰霜凛凛兮身苦寒,饥对肉酪兮不能餐。夜闻陇水兮声呜咽,朝见长城兮路杳漫。追思往日兮行李难,六拍悲来兮欲罢弹。日暮风悲兮边声四起,不知愁心兮说向谁是!原野萧条兮烽戍万里,俗贱老弱兮少壮为美。逐有水草兮安家葺垒,牛羊满野兮聚如蜂蚁。草尽水竭兮羊马皆徒,七拍流恨兮恶居于此。为天有眼兮何不见我独漂流?为神有灵兮何事处我天南海北头?我不负天兮天何配我殊匹?我不负神匹神何殛我越荒州?制兹八拍兮拟排忧,何知曲成兮心转愁。天无涯兮地无边,我心愁兮亦复然。人生倏忽兮如白驹之过隙,然不得欢乐兮当我之盛年。怨兮欲问天,天苍苍兮上无缘。举头仰望兮空云烟,九拍怀情兮谁与传?城头烽火不曾灭,疆场征战何时歇?杀气朝朝冲塞门,胡风夜夜吹边月。故乡隔兮音尘绝,哭无声兮气将咽。一生辛苦兮缘别离,十拍悲深兮泪成血。我非贪生而恶死,不能捐身兮心有以。生仍冀得兮归桑梓,死当埋骨兮长已矣。日居月诸兮在戎垒,胡人宠我兮有二子。鞠之育之兮不羞耻,愍之念之兮生长边鄙。十有一拍兮因兹起,哀响缠绵兮彻心髓。东风应律兮暖气多,知是汉家天子兮布阳和。羌胡蹈舞兮共讴歌,两国交欢兮罢兵戈。忽遇汉使兮称近诏,遗千金兮赎妾身。喜得生还兮逢圣君,嗟别稚子兮会无因。十有二拍兮哀乐均,去住两情兮难具陈。不谓残生兮却得旋归,抚抱胡儿兮泣下沾衣。汉使迎我兮四牡肥肥,胡儿号兮谁得知?与我生死兮逢此时,愁为子兮日无光辉,焉得羽翼兮将汝归。一步一远兮足难移,魂消影绝兮恩爱遗。十有三拍兮弦急调悲,肝肠搅刺兮人莫我知。身归国兮儿莫之随,心悬悬兮长如饥。四时万物兮有盛衰,唯我愁苦兮不暂移。山高地阔兮见汝无期,更深夜阑兮梦汝来斯。梦中执手兮一喜一悲,觉后痛吾心兮无休歇时。十有四拍兮涕泪交垂,河水东流兮心是思。十五拍兮节调促,气填胸兮谁识曲?处穹庐兮偶殊俗。愿得归来兮天从欲,再还汉国兮欢心足。心有怀兮愁转深,日月无私兮曾不照临。子母分离兮意难任,同天隔越兮如商参,生死不相知兮何处寻!十六拍兮思茫茫,我与儿兮各一方。日东月西兮徒相望,不得相随兮空断肠。对萱草兮忧不忘,弹鸣琴兮情何伤!今别子兮归故乡,旧怨平兮新怨长!泣血仰头兮诉苍苍,胡为生兮独罹此殃!十七拍兮心鼻酸,关山阻修兮独行路难。去时怀土兮心无绪,来时别儿兮思漫漫。塞上黄蒿兮枝枯叶干,沙场白骨兮刀痕箭瘢。风霜凛凛兮春夏寒,人马饥荒兮筋力单。岂知重得兮入长安,叹息欲绝兮泪阑干。胡笳本自出胡中,缘琴翻出音律同。十八拍兮曲虽终,响有余兮思无穷。是知丝竹微妙兮均造化之功,哀乐各随人心兮有变则通。胡与汉兮异域殊风,天与地隔兮子西母东。苦我怨气兮浩于长空,六合虽广兮受之不容! gan ge ri xun xi dao lu wei ,min cu liu wang xi gong ai bei 。yan chen bi ye xi hu lu cheng ,zhi yi guai xi jie yi kui 。dui shu su xi fei wo yi ,zao e ru xi dang gao shei ?jia yi hui xi qin yi pai ,xin fen yuan xi mo ren zhi 。rong jie bi wo xi wei shi jia ,jiang wo hang xi xiang tian ya 。yun shan mo chong xi gui lu xia ,ji feng qian li xi yang chen sha 。ren duo bao meng xi ru hui she ,kong xian bei jia xi wei jiao she 。liang pai zhang xian xi xian yu jue ,zhi cui xin she xi zi bei jie 。yue han guo xi ru hu cheng ,wang jia shi shen xi bu ru mo sheng 。zhan qiu wei chang xi gu rou zhen jing ,jie shan wei wei xi wang e wo qing 。pi gu xuan xi cong ye da ming ,hu feng hao hao xi an sai ying 。shang jin gan xi xi san pai cheng ,xian bei chu hen xi he shi ping 。mo ri mo ye xi bu sai wo xiang tu ,bing qi han sheng xi mo guo wo zui ku 。tian zai guo luan xi ren mo zhu ,wei wo bao ming xi mei rong lu 。shu su xin yi xi shen nan chu ,shi yu bu tong xi shei ke yu yu !xun sai she li xi duo jian zu ,si pai cheng xi yi qi chu 。yan na zheng xi yu ji bian sheng ,yan bei gui xi wei de han yin 。yan fei gao xi miao nan xun ,kong duan chang xi sai yin yin 。cuan mei xiang yue xi fu ya qin ,wu pai ling ling xi yi mi shen 。bing shuang lin lin xi shen ku han ,ji dui rou lao xi bu neng can 。ye wen long shui xi sheng wu yan ,chao jian chang cheng xi lu yao man 。zhui sai wang ri xi hang li nan ,liu pai bei lai xi yu ba dan 。ri mu feng bei xi bian sheng si qi ,bu zhi chou xin xi shui xiang shei shi !yuan ye xiao tiao xi feng shu mo li ,su jian lao ruo xi shao zhuang wei mei 。zhu you shui cao xi an jia qi lei ,niu yang man ye xi ju ru feng yi 。cao jin shui jie xi yang ma jie tu ,qi pai liu hen xi e ju yu ci 。wei tian you yan xi he bu jian wo du piao liu ?wei shen you ling xi he shi chu wo tian na hai bei tou ?wo bu fu tian xi tian he pei wo shu pi ?wo bu fu shen pi shen he ji wo yue huang zhou ?zhi ci ba pai xi ni pai you ,he zhi qu cheng xi xin zhuai chou 。tian mo ya xi de mo bian ,wo xin chou xi yi fu ran 。ren sheng shu hu xi ru bai ju zhi guo xi ,ran bu de huan le xi dang wo zhi cheng nian 。yuan xi yu wen tian ,tian cang cang xi shang mo yuan 。ju tou yang wang xi kong yun yan ,jiu pai huai qing xi shei yu chuan ?cheng tou feng huo bu ceng mie ,jiang chang zheng zhan he shi xie ?sha qi chao chao chong sai men ,hu feng ye ye chui bian yue 。gu xiang ge xi yin chen jue ,ku mo sheng xi qi jiang yan 。yi sheng xin ku xi yuan bie li ,shi pai bei shen xi lei cheng xie 。wo fei tan sheng er e si ,bu neng juan shen xi xin you yi 。sheng reng ji de xi gui sang zi ,si dang mai gu xi chang yi yi 。ri ju yue zhu xi zai rong lei ,hu ren chong wo xi you er zi 。ju zhi yo zhi xi bu xiu chi ,min zhi nian zhi xi sheng chang bian bi 。shi you yi pai xi yin ci qi ,ai xiang chan mian xi che xin sui 。dong feng ying lv xi nuan qi duo ,zhi shi han jia tian zi xi bu yang he 。qiang hu dao wu xi gong ou ge ,liang guo jiao huan xi ba bing ge 。hu yu han shi xi chen jin zhao ,wei qian jin xi shu qie shen 。xi de sheng hai xi feng sheng jun ,jie bie zhi zi xi hui mo yin 。shi you er pai xi ai le jun ,qu zhu liang qing xi nan ju chen 。bu wei can sheng xi que de xuan gui ,fu bao hu er xi qi xia zhan yi 。han shi ying wo xi si mu fei fei ,hu er hao xi shei de zhi ?yu wo sheng si xi feng ci shi ,chou wei zi xi ri mo guang hui ,yan de yu yi xi jiang ru gui 。yi bu yi yuan xi zu nan yi ,hun xiao ying jue xi en ai wei 。shi you san pai xi xian ji diao bei ,gan chang jiao ci xi ren mo wo zhi 。shen gui guo xi er mo zhi sui ,xin xuan xuan xi chang ru ji 。si shi mo wu xi you cheng cui ,wei wo chou ku xi bu zan yi 。shan gao de kuo xi jian ru mo ji ,geng shen ye lan xi meng ru lai si 。meng zhong zhi shou xi yi xi yi bei ,jiao hou tong wu xin xi mo xiu xie shi 。shi you si pai xi ti lei jiao chui ,he shui dong liu xi xin shi sai 。shi wu pai xi jie diao cu ,qi tian xiong xi shei shi qu ?chu qiong lu xi ou shu su 。yuan de gui lai xi tian cong yu ,zai hai han guo xi huan xin zu 。xin you huai xi chou zhuai shen ,ri yue mo si xi ceng bu zhao lin 。zi mu fen li xi yi nan ren ,tong tian ge yue xi ru shang can ,sheng si bu xiang zhi xi he chu xun !shi liu pai xi sai mang mang ,wo yu er xi ge yi fang 。ri dong yue xi xi tu xiang wang ,bu de xiang sui xi kong duan chang 。dui xuan cao xi you bu wang ,dan ming qin xi qing he shang !jin bie zi xi gui gu xiang ,jiu yuan ping xi xin yuan chang !qi xie yang tou xi su cang cang ,hu wei sheng xi du li ci yang !shi qi pai xi xin bi suan ,guan shan zu xiu xi du hang lu nan 。qu shi huai tu xi xin mo xu ,lai shi bie er xi sai man man 。sai shang huang hao xi zhi ku xie gan ,sha chang bai gu xi dao hen jian ban 。feng shuang lin lin xi chun xia han ,ren ma ji huang xi jin li chan 。qi zhi chong de xi ru chang an ,tan xi yu jue xi lei lan gan 。hu jia ben zi chu hu zhong ,yuan qin fan chu yin lv tong 。shi ba pai xi qu sui zhong ,xiang you yu xi sai mo qiong 。shi zhi si zhu wei miao xi jun zao hua zhi gong ,ai le ge sui ren xin xi you bian ze tong 。hu yu han xi yi yu shu feng ,tian yu de ge xi zi xi mu dong 。ku wo yuan qi xi hao yu chang kong ,liu ge sui an xi shou zhi bu rong !
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